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      Synthesis of Polyformate Esters of Vegetable Oils: Milkweed, Pennycress, and Soy

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          Abstract

          In a previous study of the characteristics of acyl derivatives of polyhydroxy milkweed oil (PHMWO), it was observed that the densities and viscosities of the respective derivatives decreased with increased chain length of the substituent acyl group. Thus from the polyhydroxy starting material, attenuation in viscosity of the derivatives relative to PHMWO was found in the order: PHMWO ≫ PAcMWE ≫ PBuMWE ≫ PPMWE (2332 : 1733 : 926.2 : 489.4 cSt, resp., at 40°C), where PAcMWE, PBuMWE, and PPMWE were the polyacetyl, polybutyroyl, and polypentanoyl ester derivatives, respectively. In an analogous manner, the densities also decreased as the chain length increased although not as precipitously compared to the viscosity drop. By inference, derivatives of vegetable oils with short chain length substituents on the triglyceride would be attractive in lubricant applications in view of their higher densities and possibly higher viscosity indices. Pursuant to this, we have explored the syntheses of formyl esters of three vegetable oils in order to examine the optimal density, viscosity, and related physical characteristics in relation to their suitability as lubricant candidates. In the absence of ready availability of formic anhydride, we opted to employ the epoxidized vegetable oils as substrates for formyl ester generation using glacial formic acid. The epoxy ring-opening process was smooth but was apparently followed by a simultaneous condensation reaction of the putative α-hydroxy formyl intermediate to yield vicinal diformyl esters from the oxirane. All three polyformyl esters milkweed, soy, and pennycress derivatives exhibited low coefficient of friction and a correspondingly much lower wear scar in the 4-ball antiwear test compared to the longer chain acyl analogues earlier studied.

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          Determination of surface tension and contact angle from the shapes of axisymmetric fluid interfaces

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            Structure indices in FA chemistry. How relevant is the iodine value?

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              Plant-oil-based lubricants and hydraulic fluids

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Lipids
                J Lipids
                JL
                Journal of Lipids
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2090-3030
                2090-3049
                2016
                3 February 2016
                : 2016
                : 3128604
                Affiliations
                1Bio-Oils Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
                2Functional Food Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Clifford A. Lingwood

                Article
                10.1155/2016/3128604
                4756210
                26955488
                cbe6e364-6052-4979-acd0-40f850dd36d9
                Copyright © 2016 Rogers E. Harry-O'kuru et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 3 June 2015
                : 17 December 2015
                Categories
                Research Article

                Biochemistry
                Biochemistry

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