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      Gesundheitsförderungsmaßnahmen für ältere Menschen mittels neuer Medien : Befunde sowie Implikationen für Forschung und Interventionen

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          Abstract

          Die zunehmende Technologisierung bietet viele Chancen, um Menschen verschiedenen Alters bei ihrer Gesunderhaltung zu unterstützen. Dies gilt insbesondere, wenn es um Gesundheitsförderung im Sinne von Selbstregulation hin zu einem gesundheitsförderlichen, aktiven Lebensstil geht. Hier bieten sich neue Medien an, um auch Menschen im höheren Lebensalter mit Besonderheiten (wie altersbedingten kognitiven und physiologischen Einschränkungen und Komorbiditäten) zu unterstützen. Dabei muss jedoch Sorge getragen werden, dass gerade die Bedürfnisse, die mit dem Alter zunehmen, berücksichtigt und in Maßnahmen angesprochen werden. Für die Forschung zur Psychologie der Lebensspanne ist deswegen das Themengebiet Altern, Gesundheit und Gesundheitsförderung mittels neuer Medien von großer Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag stellt einen Reviewartikel in Bezug auf Gesundheitsförderungsangebote via neuer Medien allgemein (bspw. Internet, SMS, Smartphones und Telefon im Vergleich zu Printmedien und persönlichem Kontakt) und unter Berücksichtigung von Bedürfnissen von Älteren dar. Zusätzlich werden exemplarisch Befunde aus einer Internetbefragung berichtet, an der v. a. ältere Menschen mit Diabetes teilgenommen haben. Der aktuelle Forschungsstand soll dadurch berichtet werden, um Perspektiven für weitere Entwicklungen in Forschung und Praxis aufzuzeigen.

          Health promotion programs for older individuals via new technologies: Findings and implications for research and interventions

          The increasing spread of technology opens many avenues for helping individuals in different age groups to increase and maintain their health. This is especially true if health promotion is conceptualized as self-regulation with the aim of a healthy and active lifestyle. New technologies are especially adequate to support older people with special needs, such as age-related cognitive and physiological limitations and comorbidities. However, it is imperative to address the characteristics which increase with age and to specifically target them in programs. When investigating the psychology of the lifespan, the topics age, health, and health promotion mediated by new technologies become central. This paper is a review of health promotion programs using new technologies in general (e. g., Internet, SMS, smartphones, and telephone in comparison to print media and personal contact) and with special emphasis on the specific needs of the elderly. In addition, we report exemplary findings from an Internet study in which older individuals with diabetes where assessed. The current state of research is reported with the aim to provide ideas for research and practice.

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          Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels

          Many internet-delivered physical activity behaviour change programs have been developed and evaluated. However, further evidence is required to ascertain the overall effectiveness of such interventions. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the effectiveness of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity, whilst also examining the effect of intervention moderators. A systematic search strategy identified relevant studies published in the English-language from Pubmed, Proquest, Scopus, PsychINFO, CINHAL, and Sport Discuss (January 1990 – June 2011). Eligible studies were required to include an internet-delivered intervention, target an adult population, measure and target physical activity as an outcome variable, and include a comparison group that did not receive internet-delivered materials. Studies were coded independently by two investigators. Overall effect sizes were combined based on the fixed effect model. Homogeneity and subsequent exploratory moderator analysis was undertaken. A total of 34 articles were identified for inclusion. The overall mean effect of internet-delivered interventions on physical activity was d = 0.14 (p = 0.00). Fixed-effect analysis revealed significant heterogeneity across studies (Q = 73.75; p = 0.00). Moderating variables such as larger sample size, screening for baseline physical activity levels and the inclusion of educational components significantly increased intervention effectiveness. Results of the meta-analysis support the delivery of internet-delivered interventions in producing positive changes in physical activity, however effect sizes were small. The ability of internet-delivered interventions to produce meaningful change in long-term physical activity remains unclear.
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            Mechanisms of health behavior change in persons with chronic illness or disability: the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA).

            The present article presents an overview of theoretical constructs and mechanisms of health behavior change that have been found useful in research on people with chronic illness and disability. A self-regulation framework (Health Action Process Approach) serves as a backdrop, making a distinction between goal setting and goal pursuit. Risk perception, outcome expectancies, and task self-efficacy are seen as predisposing factors in the goal-setting (motivational) phase, whereas planning, action control, and maintenance/recovery self-efficacy are regarded as being influential in the subsequent goal-pursuit (volitional) phase. The first phase leads to forming an intention, and the second to actual behavior change. Such a mediator model serves to explain social-cognitive processes in health behavior change. By adding a second layer, a moderator model is provided in which three stages are distinguished to segment the audience for tailored interventions. Identifying persons as preintenders, intenders, or actors offers an opportunity to match theory-based treatments to specific target groups. Numerous research and assessment examples, especially within the physical activity domain, serve to illustrate the application of the model to rehabilitation settings and health promotion for people with chronic illness or disability. The theoretical developments and research evidence for the self-regulation framework explain the cognitive mechanisms of behavior change and adherence to treatment in the rehabilitation setting.
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              Beyond frequency: habit as mental construct.

              Progress in habit theory can be made by distinguishing habit from frequency of occurrence, and using independent measures for these constructs. This proposition was investigated in three studies using a longitudinal, cross-sectional and experimental design on eating, mental habits and word processing, respectively. In Study 1, snacking habit and past snacking frequency independently predicted later snacking behaviour, while controlling for the theory of planned behaviour variables. Habit fully mediated the effect of past on later behaviour. In Study 2, habitual negative self-thinking and past frequency of negative self-thoughts independently predicted self-esteem and the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms. In Study 3, habit varied as a function of experimentally manipulated task complexity, while behavioural frequency was held constant. Taken together, while repetition is necessary for habits to develop, these studies demonstrate that habit should not be equated with frequency of occurrence, but rather should be considered as a mental construct involving features of automaticity, such as lack of awareness, difficulty to control and mental efficiency.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                zgp
                Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie
                Hogrefe Publishing
                0943-8149
                2190-6289
                Januar 2013
                : 21
                : 1
                : 34-44
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Jacobs University Bremen, Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Gesundheitspsychologie
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. Sonia Lippke, Jacobs University Bremen, Health Psychology, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, E-Mail: s.lippke@ 123456jacobs-university.de
                Article
                zgp_21_1_34
                10.1026/0943-8149/a000082
                cbf38acf-eecb-435b-b53f-0e6819ed0dbd
                Copyright @ 2013
                History
                Categories
                Originalia

                Psychology,Health & Social care,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Alter,smartphone,Gesundheitsverhaltensänderung,Expertensysteme,health behavior change,E-Mail,expert systems,diabetes,Diabetes,Smartphone,email,SMS,Age,Internet

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