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      Responses of Soil CO 2 Fluxes to Short-Term Experimental Warming in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem, Northern Tibet

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      Journal: PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          Soil carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. Therefore small changes in the size of this flux can have a large effect on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and potentially constitute a powerful positive feedback to the climate system. Soil CO 2 fluxes in the alpine steppe ecosystem of Northern Tibet and their responses to short-term experimental warming were investigated during the growing season in 2011. The results showed that the total soil CO 2 emission fluxes during the entire growing season were 55.82 and 104.31 g C m -2 for the control and warming plots, respectively. Thus, the soil CO 2 emission fluxes increased 86.86% with the air temperature increasing 3.74°C. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity coefficient ( Q 10) of the control and warming plots were 2.10 and 1.41, respectively. The soil temperature and soil moisture could partially explain the temporal variations of soil CO 2 fluxes. The relationship between the temporal variation of soil CO 2 fluxes and the soil temperature can be described by exponential equation. These results suggest that warming significantly promoted soil CO 2 emission in the alpine steppe ecosystem of Northern Tibet and indicate that this alpine ecosystem is very vulnerable to climate change. In addition, soil temperature and soil moisture are the key factors that controls soil organic matter decomposition and soil CO 2 emission, but temperature sensitivity significantly decreases due to the rise in temperature.

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          Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978-2003.

          Pat H Bellamy, Peter J Loveland, R Bradley … (2005)
          More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere, and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate. But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies. Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) (relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales--and by inference in other temperate regions-are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
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            Soil Respiration in Tibetan Alpine Grasslands: Belowground Biomass and Soil Moisture, but Not Soil Temperature, Best Explain the Large-Scale Patterns

            Yan Geng, Yonghui Wang, KUO HO CHUNG-YANG … (2012)
            The Tibetan Plateau is an essential area to study the potential feedback effects of soils to climate change due to the rapid rise in its air temperature in the past several decades and the large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, particularly in the permafrost. Yet it is one of the most under-investigated regions in soil respiration (Rs) studies. Here, Rs rates were measured at 42 sites in alpine grasslands (including alpine steppes and meadows) along a transect across the Tibetan Plateau during the peak growing season of 2006 and 2007 in order to test whether: (1) belowground biomass (BGB) is most closely related to spatial variation in Rs due to high root biomass density, and (2) soil temperature significantly influences spatial pattern of Rs owing to metabolic limitation from the low temperature in cold, high-altitude ecosystems. The average daily mean Rs of the alpine grasslands at peak growing season was 3.92 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, ranging from 0.39 to 12.88 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, with average daily mean Rs of 2.01 and 5.49 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 for steppes and meadows, respectively. By regression tree analysis, BGB, aboveground biomass (AGB), SOC, soil moisture (SM), and vegetation type were selected out of 15 variables examined, as the factors influencing large-scale variation in Rs. With a structural equation modelling approach, we found only BGB and SM had direct effects on Rs, while other factors indirectly affecting Rs through BGB or SM. Most (80%) of the variation in Rs could be attributed to the difference in BGB among sites. BGB and SM together accounted for the majority (82%) of spatial patterns of Rs. Our results only support the first hypothesis, suggesting that models incorporating BGB and SM can improve Rs estimation at regional scale.
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              Soil respiration in northern forests exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone.

              Kurt Pregitzer, Wendy Loya, Mark Kubiske … (2006)
              The aspen free-air CO2 and O3 enrichment (FACTS II-FACE) study in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA, is designed to understand the mechanisms by which young northern deciduous forest ecosystems respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) in a replicated, factorial, field experiment. Soil respiration is the second largest flux of carbon (C) in these ecosystems, and the objective of this study was to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments as these fast-growing stands of pure aspen and birch + aspen approached maximum leaf area. Rates of soil respiration were typically lowest in the elevated O3 treatment. Elevated CO2 significantly stimulated soil respiration (8-26%) compared to the control treatment in both community types over all three growing seasons. In years 6-7 of the experiment, the greatest rates of soil respiration occurred in the interaction treatment (CO2 + O3), and rates of soil respiration were 15-25% greater in this treatment than in the elevated CO2 treatment, depending on year and community type. Two of the treatments, elevated CO2 and elevated CO2 + O3, were fumigated with 13C-depleted CO2, and in these two treatments we used standard isotope mixing models to understand the proportions of new and old C in soil respiration. During the peak of the growing season, C fixed since the initiation of the experiment in 1998 (new C) accounted for 60-80% of total soil respiration. The isotope measurements independently confirmed that more new C was respired from the interaction treatment compared to the elevated CO2 treatment. A period of low soil moisture late in the 2003 growing season resulted in soil respiration with an isotopic signature 4-6 per thousand enriched in 13C compared to sample dates when the percentage soil moisture was higher. In 2004, an extended period of low soil moisture during August and early September, punctuated by a significant rainfall event, resulted in soil respiration that was temporarily 4-6 per thousand more depleted in 13C. Up to 50% of the Earth's forests will see elevated concentrations of both CO2 and O3 in the coming decades and these interacting atmospheric trace gases stimulated soil respiration in this study.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Han Y.H. Chen: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 March 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e59054
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
                [2 ]Xainza Alpine Steppe and Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xainza, Tibet, China
                Lakehead University, Canada
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: XYL XDW. Performed the experiments: XYL JHF. Analyzed the data: XYL YY. Wrote the paper: XYL XDW.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-12-29688
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059054
                PMC ID: 3594177
                PubMed ID: 23536854
                SO-VID: cc07eb6f-79a5-41d3-a3d3-e0765db3c176
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 September 2012
                Date accepted : 11 February 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41001177 and 41201053), the One Hundred Young Persons Project of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (Grant No. SDSQB-2010-02), the 135 Strategic Program of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (Grant No. sds-135-1203-03), and the Action-plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for West Development (Grant No. KZCX2-XB3-08). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Agriculture
                Subject: Soil Science
                Subject: Pedology
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Ecological Environments
                Subject: Terrestrial Environments
                Subject: Ecosystems
                Subject: Ecosystem Functioning
                Subject: Plant Ecology
                Subject: Plant-Environment Interactions
                Subject: Biogeochemistry
                Subject: Global Change Ecology
                Subject: Soil Ecology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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