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      Diffuse reflection and reciprocity-protected transmission via a random-flip metasurface

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Diffuse reflection and undistorted transmission, which seem to be incompatible, are integrated into a random-flip metasurface.

          Abstract

          Rough surfaces lead to diffused light in both reflection and transmission, thereby blurring the reflected and transmitted images. Here, we merge the traditionally incompatible diffuse reflection and undistorted transmission by introducing the concept of random-flip metasurfaces made of randomly flipped components. These metasurfaces have a globally random phase in reflection that leads to diffuse reflection, while the local space inversion and reciprocity principle ensure distortion-free transmission. Notably, the metasurface reflects like a rough surface yet transmits like a smooth one in a broad spectrum. On the basis of complementary random arrays of gold nanorods, we verified this functionality by both optical spectroscopy and imaging experiments over a broad range of frequencies from the visible to the infrared regime. This feature, which originates from breaking the phase correlation between reflection and transmission by the metasurface, could enable a range of new optical materials and display technology.

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          Most cited references30

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          Optical Constants of the Noble Metals

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            Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction.

            Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. New degrees of freedom are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction phenomena are observed in this regime in optically thin arrays of metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the interface, which are in excellent agreement with generalized laws derived from Fermat's principle. Phase discontinuities provide great flexibility in the design of light beams, as illustrated by the generation of optical vortices through use of planar designer metallic interfaces.
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              Flat optics with designer metasurfaces.

              Conventional optical components such as lenses, waveplates and holograms rely on light propagation over distances much larger than the wavelength to shape wavefronts. In this way substantial changes of the amplitude, phase or polarization of light waves are gradually accumulated along the optical path. This Review focuses on recent developments on flat, ultrathin optical components dubbed 'metasurfaces' that produce abrupt changes over the scale of the free-space wavelength in the phase, amplitude and/or polarization of a light beam. Metasurfaces are generally created by assembling arrays of miniature, anisotropic light scatterers (that is, resonators such as optical antennas). The spacing between antennas and their dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength. As a result the metasurfaces, on account of Huygens principle, are able to mould optical wavefronts into arbitrary shapes with subwavelength resolution by introducing spatial variations in the optical response of the light scatterers. Such gradient metasurfaces go beyond the well-established technology of frequency selective surfaces made of periodic structures and are extending to new spectral regions the functionalities of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave transmit-arrays and reflect-arrays. Metasurfaces can also be created by using ultrathin films of materials with large optical losses. By using the controllable abrupt phase shifts associated with reflection or transmission of light waves at the interface between lossy materials, such metasurfaces operate like optically thin cavities that strongly modify the light spectrum. Technology opportunities in various spectral regions and their potential advantages in replacing existing optical components are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Validation
                Role: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: Validation
                Role: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Journal
                Sci Adv
                sciadv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                September 2021
                08 September 2021
                : 7
                : 37
                : eabj0935
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
                [2 ]School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
                [3 ]American Physical Society, 1 Research Road, Ridge, NY 11961, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: laiyun@ 123456nju.edu.cn (Y.L.); rwpeng@ 123456nju.edu.cn (R.P.); muwang@ 123456nju.edu.cn (M.W.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8577-5870
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-6884
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-6061
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3614-3375
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-2771
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-1272
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-9274
                Article
                abj0935
                10.1126/sciadv.abj0935
                8442922
                34516883
                cc12fba9-a9aa-4531-b615-b9f91ed1a3ff
                Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 April 2021
                : 16 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 11974176
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 11634005
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 11974177
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 61975078
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 11704271
                Funded by: National key R&D program of China;
                Award ID: 2020YFA0211300
                Funded by: National key R&D program of China;
                Award ID: 2017YFA0303702
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical and Materials Sciences
                SciAdv r-articles
                Optics
                Physics
                Optics
                Custom metadata
                Sef Rio

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