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      A survey on helminthic infection in mice ( Mus musculus) and rats ( Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) in Kermanshah, Iran

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          Abstract

          Parasitic infections of rodents can compromise scientific research as well as the health of the animals and humans. Based on previous studies, infection rate of parasitic helminths is different in various regions of Iran. The current survey was aimed to determine endoparasitic helminths infection in 138 trapped rodents of Kermanshah county, Iran. Mice and rats were trapped using metal snares from January to October 2011 and euthanized. Rodents included 110 Mus musculus (79.00%), 23 Rattus norvegicus (17.00%), and five Rattus rattus (4.00%). The gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were removed and examined to identify parasitic helminths. The results indicated that 42.02% of examined rodents were infected with eight helminths species, i.e. Trichuris muris (14.49%), Syphacia obvelata (13.76%), Syphacia muris (2.89%), Aspicularis tetrapetra (5.07%), Heterakis spumosa (5.07%), Capillaria hepatica eggs (3.62%), Hyminolepis diminuta (12.30%), and Cystisercus fasciolaris, the larva of Taenia teanieformis (4.34%). Given the results of this study, we concluded that examined rodents were more infected with nematodes than other helminths. As rodents are usually infected with a number of zoonotic parasites, hence control of these animals has an important role in safeguarding public health.

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          The present status of human helminthic diseases in Iran.

          M Rokni (2008)
          Over the last few decades there have been several marked changes in the human helminthiases found in Iran. Fascioliasis is emerging as an important chronic disease of humans, especially in the northern province of Gilan (where outbreaks in 1989 and 1999 involved >7000 and >10,000 cases, respectively) and, more recently, in the western province of Kermanshah. In contrast, no cases of urinary schistosomiasis, a disease that once affected thousands of individuals in south-western Khuzestan province, have been reported in Iran in recent years, and no cases of dracunculiasis have been seen in the country since the mid-1970s. Approximately 1% of all admissions to surgical wards are attributable to cystic echinococcosis, which is still considered endemic, but only a few cases of alveolar echinococcosis have been recorded. Over the last decade, there appears to have been a generally downward trend in the incidence of intestinal helminthiases in Iran. Recent estimates of the prevalences of ascariasis and strongyloidiasis, for example, lie between just 0.1% and 0.3%, and <1% of the population now appears to be infected with hookworm. In contrast, human infection with Hymenolepis and Enterobius remains relatively common. There have been a few case reports of toxocariasis and a few sero-epidemiological investigations of this disease but problems in accurate diagnosis have prevented good estimates of the general prevalence of this nematode infection. Just nine cases of pentastomiasis (all caused by Linguatula), 12 of dirofilariasis, one of gongylonemiasis, and three of moniliformiasis have been formally recorded in Iran.
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            Meriones libycus and Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) are the main reservoir hosts in a new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

            Following an epidemic of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) around Badrood city, central Iran, Meriones libycus were found to be naturally infected with Leishmania major zymodeme MON-26 (= LON-1) in the villages of Matinabad and Fami, 12 km north-west of Badrood. This is the first isolation and characterization of L. major from M. libycus in Iran, in an area where ZCL has been present recently. M. libycus is probably the principal reservoir host in this area, but the main reservoir host further east is Rhombomys opimus. Parasites were not found in Hemiechinus auritis. The main, proven vector to humans and gerbils is Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi. The close contact between vectors and reservoirs creates a very efficient cycle for the transmission of the disease.
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              Finding of Parastrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) in Rattus rattus in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain).

              Parastrongylus cantonensis is a parasite of murid rodents that can infect humans and cause health problems as eosinophilic meningitis. Although it is endemic in south Asia, the Pacific islands, Australia, USA, and a few Caribbean islands, it has been extended to new geographical regions. In the Canary Islands (Spain) a survey of helminths of Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus domesticus was carried out. Furthermore, five species of molluscs were examined for nematode larvae to determine whether they are potential intermediate hosts of P. cantonensis. Nematodes were found in the lungs of 15% of 67 R. rattus examined in Tenerife, one of the four studied islands, with a prevalence of 20% in the highest focus of infection. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, with the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) and a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) nucleotide sequences, nematodes were identified as P. cantonensis. Larval nematodes found from snails and slugs were identified as third-stage (L(3)) Metastrongyloidea, but the molecular study showed that they did not belong to P. cantonensis. This is the first finding of angiostrongyliasis in rats in the Canary Islands (Spain). New molecular data for this species and Parastrongylus dujardini are reported. The presence of P. cantonensis in Tenerife could be of importance from the public health point of view. Further studies are required in order to look for other potential foci of infections in the Canary Islands. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Vet Res Forum
                Vet Res Forum
                VRF
                Veterinary Research Forum
                Urmia University Press (Urmia, Iran )
                2008-8140
                2322-3618
                Spring 2013
                : 4
                : 2
                : 105-109
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;
                [2 ] Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Soraya Naem. DVM, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail: sorayanaem@yahoo.com
                Article
                vrf-4-105
                4313010
                25653780
                cc257e30-08bd-4646-b9cd-50101b85628c

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 9 June 2012
                : 15 September 2012
                : 15 June 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                helminth,iran,kermanshah,mice,rats
                helminth, iran, kermanshah, mice, rats

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