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      Autobiographical Memory Specificity and Emotional Disorder

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          Abstract

          The authors review research showing that when recalling autobiographical events, many emotionally disturbed patients summarize categories of events rather than retrieving a single episode. The mechanisms underlying such overgeneral memory are examined, with a focus on M. A. Conway and C. W. Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) hierarchical search model of personal event retrieval. An elaboration of this model is proposed to account for overgeneral memory, focusing on how memory search can be affected by (a) capture and rumination processes, when mnemonic information used in retrieval activates ruminative thinking; (b) functional avoidance, when episodic material threatens to cause affective disturbance; and (c) impairment in executive capacity and control that limits an individual's ability to remain focused on retrieval in the face of distraction.

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          Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

          Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1991)
          I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
          Article 0 comments Cited 788 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.

            R C Kessler, K McGonagle, S. Zhao … (1994)
            This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking.
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              A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

              Chris Brewin, Tim Dalgleish, Stephen Joseph (1996)
              A cognitive theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed that assumes traumas experienced after early childhood give rise to 2 sorts of memory, 1 verbally accessible and 1 automatically accessible through appropriate situational cues. These different types of memory are used to explain the complex phenomenology of PTSD, including the experiences of reliving the traumatic event and of emotionally processing the trauma. The theory considers 3 possible outcomes of the emotional processing of trauma, successful completion, chronic processing, and premature inhibition of processing We discuss the implications of the theory for research design, clinical practice, and resolving contradictions in the empirical data.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Bull
                Title: Psychological Bulletin
                Publisher: American Psychological Association
                ISSN (Print): 0033-2909
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-1455
                Publication date (Print): January 2007
                Volume: 133
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 122-148
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [3 ]Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
                [4 ]Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to J. Mark G. Williams, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom OX3 7JX E-mail: mark.williams@ 123456psych.ox.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: bul_133_1_122 Publisher Item ID: 2006-23058-006
                DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122
                PMC ID: 2834574
                PubMed ID: 17201573
                SO-VID: cc2a75c6-5ba5-4de7-b22d-69811b82cc91
                Copyright © © 2007 American Psychological Association.
                License:

                This article, manuscript, or document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association (APA). For non-commercial, education and research purposes, users may access, download, copy, display, and redistribute this article or manuscript as well as adapt, translate, or data and text mine the content contained in this document. For any such use of this document, appropriate attribution or bibliographic citation must be given. Users should not delete any copyright notices or disclaimers. For more information or to obtain permission beyond that granted here, visit http://www.apa.org/about/copyright.html.

                History
                Date received : 13 June 2005
                Date revision received : 17 March 2006
                Date accepted : 28 March 2006
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: autobiographical memory,ptsd,specificity,depression,overgenerality
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: autobiographical memory, ptsd, specificity, depression, overgenerality

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