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      3D-printed N95 equivalent for personal protective equipment shortages: the Kansas City Mask

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          Abstract

          Personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages represent a persistent and critical challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Communities of 3D printing hobbyists and experts responded by designing and producing homemade, 3D-printed PPE. This report discusses the design, manufacturing and validation of the Kansas City Mask (KC Mask). Once printed and assembled, masks were fit tested at Truman Medical Center in Kansas City, MO. The KC Mask was approved for use by pandemic response administration staff at the hospital. Fortunately, due to adequate PPE supply at the time of this publication, wide utilization of the KC mask has not been required. The authors endorse the KC Mask as a stopgap measure, proven to be effective in situations of critical PPE shortage based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines.

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          World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

          Catrin Sohrabi, Zaid Alsafi, Niamh O'Neill … (2020)
          An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
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            Contributing factors to personal protective equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic

            Jennifer Cohen, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers (2020)
            This study investigates the forces that contributed to severe shortages in personal protective equipment in the US during the COVID-19 crisis. Problems from a dysfunctional costing model in hospital operating systems were magnified by a very large demand shock triggered by acute need in healthcare and panicked marketplace behavior that depleted domestic PPE inventories. The lack of appropriate action on the part of the federal government to maintain and distribute domestic inventories, as well as severe disruptions to the PPE global supply chain, amplified the problem. Analysis of trade data shows that the US is the world's largest importer of face masks, eye protection, and medical gloves, making it highly vulnerable to disruptions in exports of medical supplies. We conclude that market prices are not appropriate mechanisms for rationing inputs to health because health is a public good. Removing the profit motive for purchasing PPE in hospital costing models and pursuing strategic industrial policy to reduce the US dependence on imported PPE will both help to better protect healthcare workers with adequate supplies of PPE.
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              Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) for Surgeons during COVID ‐19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Availability, Usage, and Rationing

              Zita Jessop, Thomas Dobbs, Stephen Ali … (2020)
              Background Surgeons need guidance regarding appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID‐19 pandemic based on scientific evidence rather than availability. The aim of this paper is to inform surgeons of appropriate PPE requirements, and to discuss usage, availability, rationing and future solutions. Methods A systematic review was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, & WHO COVID‐19 Databases. Newspaper and internet article sources were identified using NEXIS. The search was complemented by bibliographic secondary linkage. The findings were analysed alongside guidelines from the World Health Organisation (WHO), Public Health England (PHE), the Royal College of Surgeons & Specialty Associations. Results Of a total 1329 articles identified, 305 were removed (duplicates etc), and finally, 95 studies met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations made by the WHO regarding the use of PPE in the COVID‐19 pandemic have evolved alongside emerging evidence. Medical resources including PPE have been rapidly overwhelmed. There is a global effort to overcome this by combining the most effective use of existing PPE in combination with innovative strategies to produce more. Practical advice on all aspects of PPE are detailed in this systematic review. Conclusion Although there is a need to balance limited supplies with staff and patient safety, this should not leave surgeons treating patients with inadequate PPE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J 3D Print Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J 3D Print Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 3DP
                Title: Journal of 3d Printing in Medicine
                Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 2059-4755
                ISSN (Electronic): 2059-4763
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 04 February 2021
                Publication date (Print, pub): January 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 04 February 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.2217/3dp-2020-0019
                Affiliations
                [1 ] 1University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
                [2 ] 2Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
                [3 ] 3Unaffiliated, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 316 250 9933; sdalla@ 123456kumc.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-3386
                Article
                DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2020-0019
                PMC ID: 7860929
                SO-VID: cc3a6115-dd8e-42c5-ada2-dc3062f6124b
                Copyright © © 2021 Future Medicine Ltd
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

                History
                Date received : 24 August 2020
                Date accepted : 18 December 2021
                Date: 04 February 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Technology Report

                Keywords: 3d printers,3d printing,covid-19,infection control,n95,personal protective equipment,ppe,safety,stopgap ppe
                Data availability:
                Keywords: 3d printers, 3d printing, covid-19, infection control, n95, personal protective equipment, ppe, safety, stopgap ppe

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