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      Condiciones óptimas del análisis CASA-Mot del semen de verraco: efecto de la tasa de fotogramas para diferentes cámaras y campos de recuento espermático Translated title: Optimal conditions for CASA-Mot analysis of boar semen: Effect of frame rate for different chambers and sperm count fields

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la tasa de fotogramas sobre diferentes profundidades de cámara de recuento espermático en semen de verraco y analizar la distribución de los espermatozoides en los campos longitudinales de la cámara de conteo. Se colectó una muestra de semen a 10 verracos Pietrain de 2-3 años. Se determinaron ocho parámetros de cinética espermática mediante el sistema CASA (Computer-assisted semen analysis)-Mot (ISAS®v1). Se utilizaron cámaras ISAS®D4C con profundidades de 10, 16 y 20 µm a una frecuencia de captura de imagen de 25, 40 y 60 fotogramas por segundo (fps). La profundidad de cámara afectó las variables de cinética espermática, obteniéndose valores más altos a 20 µm. La tasa de fotogramas (FR) presentó una relación positiva con los parámetros de cinética obteniéndose valores más altos a 60 fps, excepto para la amplitud del desplazamiento lateral de la cabeza (ALH) que presentó un comportamiento inverso. Según el análisis de regresión no lineal, la variable más sensible al cambio en FR fue la velocidad curvilínea (VCL), donde el mejor nivel fue dado con 80 fps. Se observó una disminución progresiva en los patrones cinemáticos conforme los espermatozoides avanzaban por los campos de las cámaras. Se concluye que el uso de diferentes cámaras de recuento y el incremento en el número total de fps genera cambios significativos en la estimación de parámetros de cinética espermática en el verraco.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRAC The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the frame rate on different depths of the sperm counting chamber in boar semen and to analyse the distribution of sperm in the longitudinal fields of the counting chamber. A semen sample was collected from ten 2-3-year-old Pietrain boars. Eight sperm kinetic parameters were determined using the CASA (Computer-assisted semen analysis) - Mot (ISAS®v1) system. ISAS®D4C cameras with depths of 10, 16 and 20 µm were used at an image capture rate of 25, 40 and 60 frames per second (fps). Chamber depth affected the sperm kinetic variables, obtaining higher values at 20 µm. The frame rate (FR) presented a positive relationship with the kinetic parameters, obtaining higher values at 60 fps, except for the amplitude of the lateral displacement of the head (ALH), which presented opposite values. According to the nonlinear regression analysis, the most sensitive variable to the change in FR was the curvilinear velocity (VCL), where the best level was observed with 80 fps. A progressive decrease in kinematic patterns was provided as sperm advanced through the fields of the chambers. It is concluded that the use of different counting chambers and the increase in the total number of fps generates significant changes in the estimation of sperm kinetics parameters in the boar.

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          Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): capabilities and potential developments.

          Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) systems have evolved over approximately 40 years, through advances in devices to capture the image from a microscope, huge increases in computational power concurrent with amazing reduction in size of computers, new computer languages, and updated/expanded software algorithms. Remarkably, basic concepts for identifying sperm and their motion patterns are little changed. Older and slower systems remain in use. Most major spermatology laboratories and semen processing facilities have a CASA system, but the extent of reliance thereon ranges widely. This review describes capabilities and limitations of present CASA technology used with boar, bull, and stallion sperm, followed by possible future developments. Each marketed system is different. Modern CASA systems can automatically view multiple fields in a shallow specimen chamber to capture strobe-like images of 500 to >2000 sperm, at 50 or 60 frames per second, in clear or complex extenders, and in <2 minutes, store information for ≥ 30 frames and provide summary data for each spermatozoon and the population. A few systems evaluate sperm morphology concurrent with motion. CASA cannot accurately predict 'fertility' that will be obtained with a semen sample or subject. However, when carefully validated, current CASA systems provide information important for quality assurance of semen planned for marketing, and for the understanding of the diversity of sperm responses to changes in the microenvironment in research. The four take-home messages from this review are: (1) animal species, extender or medium, specimen chamber, intensity of illumination, imaging hardware and software, instrument settings, technician, etc., all affect accuracy and precision of output values; (2) semen production facilities probably do not need a substantially different CASA system whereas biology laboratories would benefit from systems capable of imaging and tracking sperm in deep chambers for a flexible period of time; (3) software should enable grouping of individual sperm based on one or more attributes so outputs reflect subpopulations or clusters of similar sperm with unique properties; means or medians for the total population are insufficient; and (4) a field-use, portable CASA system for measuring one motion and two or three morphology attributes of individual sperm is needed for field theriogenologists or andrologists working with human sperm outside urban centers; appropriate hardware to capture images and process data apparently are available.
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            Computer-aided sperm analysis: past, present and future.

            Computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) system has been accepted and used commonly as a routine semen analysis instrument in hospital clinical laboratories worldwide. However, technicians in clinical laboratories have little informed knowledge about the principles of CASA system and the sources of analysis errors. In this review, we focus on the concept of CASA, the development course of CASA technology, the clinical application of CASA systems and the factors influencing the accuracies of results, such as frame rate, sperm counting chambers affiliated to the CASA system, algorithms and sperm concentration. These factors and lack of internal quality control may result in huge errors of the CASA between systems and laboratories. It is therefore necessary to perform the standardisation and quality control for CASA.
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              Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen

              Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems Worldwide. To this end, fresh extended ready-to-use semen doses are either purchased from AI-centres or produced by boars kept on-farm. For profitable semen production, it is necessary to obtain a maximum amount of high quality semen from each boar. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors that may affect semen quality by influencing the boar or the semen during processing. Genetic markers could be used for early detection of boars with the highest fertility potential. Genetic selection for fast growth might jeopardize semen quality. Early detection of boars no longer fit for semen production might be possible by ultrasonography of the testes. Seasonal variation in sperm quality could be associated with changes in photoperiod and heat stress during summer. Comfortable housing, with appropiate bedding material to avoid locomotion problems is essential. In some areas, cooling systems may be necessary to avoid heat stress. The sperm quality can be manipulated by feeding strategies aiming, for instance, to increase sperm resistance to oxidative stress and extend storage duration. High collection frequency will negatively influence sperm quality. Also, if collection is not hygienically performed it will result in bacterial contamination of the semen doses. The concern over bacterial contamination has risen not only because of its negative effect on semen quality but also due to the detection of antimicrobial resistance in isolates from extended semen. Moreover, bacterial and viral pathogens must be monitored because they affect semen production and quality and constitute a risk of herd infection. During processing, boar sperm are submitted to many stress factors that can cause oxidative stress and capacitation-like changes potentially reducing their fertility potential. Dilution rate or dilution temperature affects the quality of the semen doses. Some packaging might preserve semen better than others and some plastic components might be toxic for sperm. Standard operation procedures and quality assurance systems in AI centres are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rivep
                Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú
                Rev. investig. vet. Perú
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria (Lima, , Peru )
                1609-9117
                September 2021
                : 32
                : 5
                : e19832
                Affiliations
                [1] Alajuela orgnameInstituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR) orgdiv1Escuela de Agronomía, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos orgdiv2Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, BIOTEC Costa Rica
                [3] CTLSC orgnameInstituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica orgdiv1Área Académica del Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo Costa Rica
                [4] Cusco orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco orgdiv1Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia Peru
                [2] San Pedro orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica (UCR) orgdiv1Escuela de Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio Costa Rica
                Article
                S1609-91172021000500020 S1609-9117(21)03200500020
                10.15381/rivep.v32i5.1982
                cc40b82b-247a-46cb-89dc-8e8de4bd7d1a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Peru

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                counting chamber,espermatozoide,fotograma,cámara de recuento,verraco,reproducción,spermatozoa,frame,boar,reproduction

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