8
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The inflammatory response to chronic injury affects tissue regeneration and has become an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients. In previous stem cell treatments, it was revealed that stem cells not only have the ability for direct differentiation or regeneration in chronic tissue damage but also have a regulatory effect on the immune microenvironment. Stem cells can regulate the immune microenvironment during tissue repair and provide a good “soil” for tissue regeneration. In the current study, the regulation of immune cells by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the local tissue microenvironment and the tissue damage repair mechanisms are revealed. The application of the concepts of “seed” and “soil” has opened up new research avenues for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE) technology has been used in multiple tissues and organs using its biomimetic and cellular cell abilities, and scaffolds are now seen as an important part of building seed cell microenvironments. The effect of tissue engineering techniques on stem cell immune regulation is related to the shape and structure of the scaffold, the preinflammatory microenvironment constructed by the implanted scaffold, and the material selection of the scaffold. In the application of scaffold, stem cell technology has important applications in cartilage, bone, heart, and liver and other research fields. In this review, we separately explore the mechanism of MSCs in different tissue and organs through immunoregulation for tissue regeneration and MSC combined with 3D scaffolds to promote MSC immunoregulation to repair damaged tissues.

          Related collections

          Most cited references105

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions.

          Optimal fracture treatment requires knowledge of the complex physiological process of bone healing. The course of bone healing is mainly influenced by fracture fixation stability (biomechanics) and the blood supply to the healing site (revascularization after trauma). The repair process proceeds via a characteristic sequence of events, described as the inflammatory, repair and remodeling phases. An inflammatory reaction involving immune cells and molecular factors is activated immediately in response to tissue damage and is thought to initiate the repair cascade. Immune cells also have a major role in the repair phase, exhibiting important crosstalk with bone cells. After bony bridging of the fragments, a slow remodeling process eventually leads to the reconstitution of the original bone structure. Systemic inflammation, as observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, multiple trauma or sepsis, can increase fracture healing time and the rate of complications, including non-unions. In addition, evidence suggests that insufficient biomechanical conditions within the fracture zone can influence early local inflammation and impair bone healing. In this Review, we discuss the main factors that influence fracture healing, with particular emphasis on the role of inflammation.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their antiinflammatory properties.

            Previous reports suggested that culture as 3D aggregates or as spheroids can increase the therapeutic potential of the adult stem/progenitor cells referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Here we used a hanging drop protocol to prepare human MSCs (hMSCs) as spheroids that maximally expressed TNFalpha stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6), the antiinflammatory protein that was expressed at high levels by hMSCs trapped in the lung after i.v. infusion and that largely explained the beneficial effects of hMSCs in mice with myocardial infarcts. The properties of spheroid hMSCs were found to depend critically on the culture conditions. Under optimal conditions for expression of TSG-6, the hMSCs also expressed high levels of stanniocalcin-1, a protein with both antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. In addition, they expressed high levels of three anticancer proteins: IL-24, TNFalpha-related apoptosis inducing ligand, and CD82. The spheroid hMSCs were more effective than hMSCs from adherent monolayer cultures in suppressing inflammatory responses in a coculture system with LPS-activated macrophages and in a mouse model for peritonitis. In addition, the spheroid hMSCs were about one-fourth the volume of hMSCs from adherent cultures. Apparently as a result, larger numbers of the cells trafficked through the lung after i.v. infusion and were recovered in spleen, liver, kidney, and heart. The data suggest that spheroid hMSCs may be more effective than hMSCs from adherent cultures in therapies for diseases characterized by sterile tissue injury and unresolved inflammation and for some cancers that are sensitive to antiinflammatory agents.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages.

              Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of modulating the immune system through interaction with a wide range of immune cells. This study investigates the hypothesis that interaction of MSCs with macrophages could play a significant role in their antiinflammatory/immune modulatory effects. MSCs were derived from bone marrow and monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. We cultured human monocytes for 7 days without any added cytokines to generate macrophages, and then cocultured them for 3 more days with culture-expanded MSCs. We used cell surface antigen expression and intracellular cytokine expression patterns to study the immunophenotype of macrophages at the end of this coculture period, and phagocytic assays to investigate their functional activity in vitro. Macrophages cocultured with MSCs consistently showed high-level expression of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages. Furthermore, these macrophages expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and low levels of IL-12, as determined by intracellular staining, typical of alternatively activated macrophages. However, macrophages cocultured with MSCs also expressed high levels of IL-6 and low levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) compared to controls. Functionally, macrophages cocultured with MSCs showed a higher level of phagocytic activity. We describe a novel type of human macrophage generated in vitro after coculture with MSCs that assumes an immunophenotype defined as IL-10-high, IL-12-low, IL-6-high, and TNF-alpha-low secreting cells. These MSC-educated macrophages may be a unique and novel type of alternatively activated macrophage with a potentially significant role in tissue repair.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Stem Cells Int
                Stem Cells Int
                SCI
                Stem Cells International
                Hindawi
                1687-966X
                1687-9678
                2019
                13 January 2019
                : 2019
                : 9671206
                Affiliations
                1Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
                2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
                3Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou 646000, China
                4School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
                5First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348 Dexiang Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi 154002, China
                Author notes

                Guest Editor: Tiago Fernandes

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3865-4547
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-4079
                Article
                10.1155/2019/9671206
                6350611
                30766609
                cc5b57f3-d069-4082-99d6-2b6108f3cece
                Copyright © 2019 Haojiang Li et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 8 July 2018
                : 26 October 2018
                : 29 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Nation Nature
                Award ID: 81772319
                Funded by: National Key R&D
                Award ID: 2018YFC1105901
                Categories
                Review Article

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

                Comments

                Comment on this article