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      Una revisión sobre los factores de riesgo en la infancia para la esquizofrenia y los trastornos mentales graves del adulto Translated title: Review of risks factors in childhood for schizophrenia and severe mental disorders in adulthood

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          Resumen

          Objetivo

          A través de la revisión bibliográfica sobre los factores de riesgo psicosociales en salud mental se pretende demostrar la existencia de una asociación entre la acumulación de factores estresantes en la infancia y el incremento del riesgo de aparición de un trastorno mental en la vida adulta.

          Diseño

          Búsqueda bibliográfica, realizada hasta diciembre del 2011, en las bases de datos electrónicas de Medline y de las universidades Autónoma y central de Barcelona. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: infancia, prenatal, vulnerabilidad, riesgo, abusos, negligencia, trastorno mental en la infancia, esquizofrenia, prevención.

          Selección de estudios

          Los incluidos fueron aquellos que cumplían las siguientes condiciones: a) estudios prospectivos sobre acontecimientos vitales adversos en la gestación, parto o infancia; b) estudios que incluyan grupo control; c) estudios con información estadística el riesgo de aparición de trastornos mentales, y d) estudios de tamaño de la muestra superior a 30 sujetos.

          Resultados

          Existe una amplia variedad de factores de riesgo fáciles de identificar en la infancia y que pueden ayudar a prevenir la aparición de un trastorno mental grave. Se pueden agrupar en: a) embarazo, parto y puerperio; b) alteración de los vínculos con las figuras paternas; c) los 2 primeros años de vida, y d) dificultades en los aprendizajes y en las relaciones en la escuela.

          Conclusiones

          Existen acontecimientos vitales que pueden ser considerados de riesgo para la salud mental de un niño. Se ha demostrado que la acumulación de estas circunstancias genera una trayectoria de vida alterada que hace más vulnerables a las personas ante la posibilidad de presentar un trastorno mental.

          Translated abstract

          Aim

          To provide scientific evidence, usinga literature review on psychosocial risk factors in mental health, that a high exposure to psychosocial stress situations in childhood increases the risk of mental disorders in adulthood,.

          Design

          A literature review up to December 2011 in the electronic databases from

          Medline, Universitat de Barcelona, and the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. The keywords used were: childhood, prenatal, vulnerability, risk, abuse, neglect, child mental disorder, schizophrenia, and prevention.

          Inclusion criteria for the studies reviewed: 1) designed to investigate childhood risk factors; 2) Comparative studies with persons without risk factors; 3) Studies with sufficient statistical significance; 4) Studies with “n” participants equal to o more than 30 persons.

          Results

          There are a group of easily identifiable mental health risk factors in childhood that can help in the prevention of mental disorders in the adulthood. They can be grouped into four categories: A) Pregnancy, birth and perinatal problems; B) Poor interpersonal relations with parents; C) Adverse life events in the first two years of life; D) Cognitive deficits in primary school, and social isolation during school years.

          Conclusions

          There are life events that may increase the possibilities of suffering some kind of Psychopathology. It is necessary to consider those events as Risk Factors for Mental Health. The accumulation of these Risk Factors increases vulnerability to Mental Disorders.

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          Most cited references62

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          Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications.

          To review the research addressing the relationship of childhood trauma to psychosis and schizophrenia, and to discuss the theoretical and clinical implications. Relevant studies and previous review papers were identified via computer literature searches. Symptoms considered indicative of psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations, are at least as strongly related to childhood abuse and neglect as many other mental health problems. Recent large-scale general population studies indicate the relationship is a causal one, with a dose-effect. Several psychological and biological mechanisms by which childhood trauma increases risk for psychosis merit attention. Integration of these different levels of analysis may stimulate a more genuinely integrated bio-psycho-social model of psychosis than currently prevails. Clinical implications include the need for staff training in asking about abuse and the need to offer appropriate psychosocial treatments to patients who have been abused or neglected as children. Prevention issues are also identified.
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            • Article: not found

            Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age.

            While strong retrospective and concurrent associations between maternal and infant patterns of attachment have been noted, this is one of the first reports of a prospective investigation of such associations. The Adult Attachment Interview was administered to 100 mothers expecting their first child, and, at 1-year follow-up, 96 of these were seen with their infants at 12 months in the Strange Situation. Maternal representations of attachment (autonomous vs. dismissing or preoccupied) predicted subsequent infant-mother attachment patterns (secure vs. insecure) 75% of the time. These observed concordances, as well as the discordances, are discussed in terms of the uniquely powerful contribution the Adult Attachment Interview makes to the study of representational and intergenerational influences on the development of the infant-mother attachment.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and problems in peer relations: predictions from childhood to adolescence.

              To determine whether childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and persistence of the disorder are associated with later difficulty in adolescent peer relations. One hundred eleven children with ADHD were interviewed as adolescents and compared with 100 adolescents without an ADHD history (aged 13-18 years). The multi-informant assessment strategy included parents, teachers, and adolescents. Parents of probands reported fewer close friendships and greater peer rejection compared with the non-ADHD group. Probands reported that their friends were less involved in conventional activities compared with the non-ADHD group. Childhood aggression predicted less self-perceived social competence for probands. The long-term effects of ADHD on social functioning were more pronounced for probands with persistent ADHD or conduct disorder in adolescence. Impairments in peer relations for ADHD youths, known to be common in childhood, also exist in adolescence. Given the developmental significance of peer relations, further research into the causes and treatment of poor social functioning in youths with ADHD is recommended.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                01 April 2014
                Aug-Sep 2014
                01 April 2014
                : 46
                : 7
                : 336-356
                Affiliations
                [a ]Psicólogo clínico, Doctor en Psicología, Psicoanalista IPB, Grupo de investigación Pareja y Familia, Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, España
                [b ]Psiquiatra, Psicoanalista SEP-IPA, Institut Universitari de Salut Mental, Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. jordiartigue@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0212-6567(13)00307-7
                10.1016/j.aprim.2013.11.002
                6985599
                24697917
                cc60d6b1-d8a6-4902-aaeb-06b4a34c399e
                © 2013 Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

                History
                : 28 February 2013
                : 11 November 2013
                Categories
                Originales

                factores de riesgo,salud mental,detección,prevención,infancia,risk factors,mental health,detection,prevention,childhood

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