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      “God Didn’t Make a Mistake in Creating Me”: Intrapersonal Resilience Processes among Gay and Bisexual Male Youth in Kenya

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          Abstract

          Gay and bisexual male youth in Kenya experience human rights violations, including pervasive stigma and discrimination, and these oppressive forces are associated with elevated rates of mental health concerns. Despite these challenges, many gay and bisexual male youth in Kenya are thriving during this critical developmental period. This study explored intrapersonal processes that gay and bisexual male youth in Kisumu, Kenya, highlight as important to developing, and demonstrating resilience in the face of adversity. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 40 gay and bisexual male youth, ages 20–30 (mean = 26.4), and an additional 20 IDIs with gay and bisexual men, ages 22–45 (mean = 26.6), who were working as peer educators (total n = 60), all in Kisumu, Kenya. A total of nine primary themes emerged which describe various intrapersonal resilience processes enacted by gay and bisexual male youth, including sexual identity acceptance, self-confidence, self-love, religious/spiritual affirmation, adaptive coping, successful navigation, legal rights awareness, economic stability, and advocacy satisfaction. These data demonstrate the range of positive personal processes that promote mental health and wellbeing among gay and bisexual male youth in Kenya. We discuss implications of these findings for community-based interventions, and call for a research paradigm shift away from deficits and toward resilience.

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          Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence.

          Ilan Meyer (2003)
          In this article the author reviews research evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, using meta-analyses, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding this excess in prevalence of disorder in terms of minority stress--explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. The model describes stress processes, including the experience of prejudice events, expectations of rejection, hiding and concealing, internalized homophobia, and ameliorative coping processes. This conceptual framework is the basis for the review of research evidence, suggestions for future research directions, and exploration of public policy implications.
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            Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.

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            Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical background is presented. Then evidence is provided to support the idea that emerging adulthood is a distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in terms of identity explorations. How emerging adulthood differs from adolescence and young adulthood is explained. Finally, a cultural context for the idea of emerging adulthood is outlined, and it is specified that emerging adulthood exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent role exploration during the late teens and twenties.
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              Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.

              The concept of mechanisms that protect people against the psychological risks associated with adversity is discussed in relation to four main processes: reduction of risk impact, reduction of negative chain reactions, establishment and maintenance of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and opening up of opportunities. The mechanisms operating at key turning points in people's lives must be given special attention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101778039
                50567
                Adolescents
                Adolescents
                Adolescents (Basel, Switzerland)
                2673-7051
                22 February 2022
                September 2021
                13 July 2021
                02 June 2022
                : 1
                : 3
                : 267-282
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
                [2 ]Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA;
                [3 ]Anza Mapema Tom Mboya Center, Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
                [4 ]Men Against AIDS Youth Group (MAAYGO), Milimani Box 1174, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
                [5 ]Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno 40105, Kenya;
                [6 ]Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, Box 359909, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA;
                Author notes

                Author Contributions: Conceptualization, G.W.H., K.A.L., G.A.N. and L.J.-C.; Data curation, E.O.O. and L.J.-C.; Formal analysis, G.W.H., K.A.L., G.A.N., L.J.-C., K.L. and B.C.; Funding acquisition, G.W.H., L.J.-C., K.R.A., W.O. and S.M.G.; Investigation, G.W.H., E.O.O., L.J.-C., F.O., T.A., E.G., K.O. and S.M.G.; Methodology, G.W.H., E.O.O., L.J.-C., K.R.A. and S.M.G.; Project administration, E.O.O. and L.J.-C.; Resources, G.W.H. and S.M.G.; Supervision, E.O.O. and L.J.-C.; Writing—original draft, G.W.H., K.A.L. and G.A.N.; Writing—review & editing, E.O.O., L.J.-C., F.O., K.L., T.A., B.C., E.G., K.R.A., K.O., W.O. and S.M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

                [* ]Correspondence: gwharper@ 123456umich.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-1751
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-9632
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-8686
                Article
                NIHMS1782784
                10.3390/adolescents1030020
                9161601
                35665057
                cc79e7b0-77e7-476e-b84b-f729bead06df

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                Categories
                Article

                resilience,gay,bisexual,male youth,qualitative
                resilience, gay, bisexual, male youth, qualitative

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