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      Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in movement science: a systematic review on cortical activity in postural and walking tasks

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          Abstract.

          Safe locomotion is a crucial aspect of human daily living that requires well-functioning motor control processes. The human neuromotor control of daily activities such as walking relies on the complex interaction of subcortical and cortical areas. Technical developments in neuroimaging systems allow the quantification of cortical activation during the execution of motor tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) seems to be a promising tool to monitor motor control processes in cortical areas in freely moving subjects. However, so far, there is no established standardized protocol regarding the application and data processing of fNIRS signals that limits the comparability among studies. Hence, this systematic review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about application and data processing in fNIRS studies dealing with walking or postural tasks. Fifty-six articles of an initial yield of 1420 publications were reviewed and information about methodology, data processing, and findings were extracted. Based on our results, we outline the recommendations with respect to the design and data processing of fNIRS studies. Future perspectives of measuring fNIRS signals in movement science are discussed.

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          Most cited references215

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          Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model.

          A model of the effects of aging on brain activity during cognitive performance is introduced. The model is called HAROLD (hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults), and it states that, under similar circumstances, prefrontal activity during cognitive performances tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. The model is supported by functional neuroimaging and other evidence in the domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perception, and inhibitory control. Age-related hemispheric asymmetry reductions may have a compensatory function or they may reflect a dedifferentiation process. They may have a cognitive or neural origin, and they may reflect regional or network mechanisms. The HAROLD model is a cognitive neuroscience model that integrates ideas and findings from psychology and neuroscience of aging.
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            A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology.

            This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.

              Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for studying evoked hemodynamic changes within the brain. By this technique, changes in the optical absorption of light are recorded over time and are used to estimate the functionally evoked changes in cerebral oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations that result from local cerebral vascular and oxygen metabolic effects during brain activity. Over the past three decades this technology has continued to grow, and today NIRS studies have found many niche applications in the fields of psychology, physiology, and cerebral pathology. The growing popularity of this technique is in part associated with a lower cost and increased portability of NIRS equipment when compared with other imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. With this increasing number of applications, new techniques for the processing, analysis, and interpretation of NIRS data are continually being developed. We review some of the time-series and functional analysis techniques that are currently used in NIRS studies, we describe the practical implementation of various signal processing techniques for removing physiological, instrumental, and motion-artifact noise from optical data, and we discuss the unique aspects of NIRS analysis in comparison with other brain imaging modalities. These methods are described within the context of the MATLAB-based graphical user interface program, HomER, which we have developed and distributed to facilitate the processing of optical functional brain data.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Neurophotonics
                Neurophotonics
                NEUROW
                NPh
                Neurophotonics
                Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
                2329-423X
                2329-4248
                1 August 2017
                October 2017
                : 4
                : 4
                : 041403
                Affiliations
                [a ]Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg , Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
                [b ]University of Freiburg , Department of Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
                [c ]University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich , Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [* ]Address all correspondence to: Fabian Herold, E-mail: fabian.herold@ 123456st.ovgu.de
                Article
                NPh-17031SSRRR 17031SSRRR
                10.1117/1.NPh.4.4.041403
                5538329
                28924563
                cce23d8d-b99d-4364-8abe-76ff3638ffb5
                © The Authors.

                Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

                History
                : 4 March 2017
                : 23 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, References: 268, Pages: 25
                Categories
                Special Section on Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Part 2
                Paper
                Custom metadata
                Herold et al.: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in movement science…

                functional near-infrared spectroscopy,optical neuroimaging,motor control,walking,posture

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