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      Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles: Extended Messages of Regeneration

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Stem cells are critical to maintaining steady-state organ homeostasis and regenerating injured tissues. Recent intriguing reports implicate extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers for the distribution of morphogens and growth and differentiation factors from tissue parenchymal cells to stem cells, and conversely, stem cell–derived EVs carrying certain proteins and nucleic acids can support healing of injured tissues. We describe approaches to make use of engineered EVs as technology platforms in therapeutics and diagnostics in the context of stem cells. For some regenerative therapies, natural and engineered EVs from stem cells may be superior to single-molecule drugs, biologics, whole cells, and synthetic liposome or nanoparticle formulations because of the ease of bioengineering with multiple factors while retaining superior biocompatibility and biostability and posing fewer risks for abnormal differentiation or neoplastic transformation. Finally, we provide an overview of current challenges and future directions of EVs as potential therapeutic alternatives to cells for clinical applications.

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          Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression.

          Mina Bissell, William C. Hines (2011)
          Tumors are like new organs and are made of multiple cell types and components. The tumor competes with the normal microenvironment to overcome antitumorigenic pressures. Before that battle is won, the tumor may exist within the organ unnoticed by the host, referred to as 'occult cancer'. We review how normal tissue homeostasis and architecture inhibit progression of cancer and how changes in the microenvironment can shift the balance of these signals to the procancerous state. We also include a discussion of how this information is being tailored for clinical use.
          Article 0 comments Cited 547 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes

            K. Teng, M Adam Mahmood, C Wu … (1985)
            Using ferritin-labeled protein A and colloidal gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG, the fate of the sheep transferrin receptor has been followed microscopically during reticulocyte maturation in vitro. After a few minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C, the receptor is found on the cell surface or in simple vesicles of 100-200 nm, in which the receptor appears to line the limiting membrane of the vesicles. With time (60 min or longer), large multivesicular elements (MVEs) appear whose diameter may reach 1-1.5 micron. Inside these large MVEs are round bodies of approximately 50-nm diam that bear the receptor at their external surfaces. The limiting membrane of the large MVEs is relatively free from receptor. When the large MVEs fuse with the plasma membrane, their contents, the 50-nm bodies, are released into the medium. The 50-nm bodies appear to arise by budding from the limiting membrane of the intracellular vesicles. Removal of surface receptor with pronase does not prevent exocytosis of internalized receptor. It is proposed that the exocytosis of the approximately 50-nm bodies represents the mechanism by which the transferrin receptor is shed during reticulocyte maturation.
            Article 0 comments Cited 444 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis.

              Sandra S McAllister, Robert Weinberg (2014)
              Recent pre-clinical and clinical research has provided evidence that cancer progression is driven not only by a tumour's underlying genetic alterations and paracrine interactions within the tumour microenvironment, but also by complex systemic processes. We review these emerging paradigms of cancer pathophysiology and discuss how a clearer understanding of systemic regulation of cancer progression could guide development of new therapeutic modalities and efforts to prevent disease relapse following initial diagnosis and treatment.
              Article 0 comments Cited 397 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 7607088
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 673
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.
                Title: Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
                ISSN (Print): 0362-1642
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-4304
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 4 February 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 October 2016
                Publication date (Print): 06 January 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 06 January 2018
                Volume: 57
                Pages: 125-154
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
                [2 ]Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
                [3 ]Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868
                [4 ]Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
                [5 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
                [6 ]Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
                [7 ]Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
                [8 ]Codiak BioSciences Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
                Article
                Manuscript ID: NIHMS820473
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061616-030146
                PMC ID: 5360275
                PubMed ID: 27814025
                SO-VID: ccf9aa04-b81c-46b0-a13c-08c177f7ffa2
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

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                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: drug delivery,bioengineering,extracellular vesicles,exosomes,microvesicles,stem cells
                Data availability:
                Keywords: drug delivery, bioengineering, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles, stem cells

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