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      A clinician-monitored ‘PTSD Coach’ intervention: findings from two pilot feasibility and acceptability studies in a resource-constrained setting Translated title: Una intervención con la aplicación ‘PTSD Coach’ monitoreada por un clínico: Hallazgos de dos estudios piloto de viabilidad y aceptabilidad en un entorno con recursos limitados Translated title: 一项临床医生监测’PTSD教练’干预:在资源受限环境中,两项试点可行性和可接受性研究的结果

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The high prevalence of trauma exposure and consequent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well documented in low- and middle-income countries, and most individuals with PTSD have limited access to treatment in these settings. Freely available internet-based interventions, such as PTSD Coach (web-based and mobile application), can help to address this gap and improve access to and efficiency of care.

          Objective: We conducted two pilot studies to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of PTSD Coach in a South African resource-constrained context.

          Method: Pilot 1: Participants with PTSD ( n = 10) were randomized to counsellor-supported PTSD Coach Online (PCO) or enhanced treatment as usual. Pilot 2: Participants ( n = 10) were randomized to counsellor-supported PTSD Coach Mobile App or self-managed PTSD Coach Mobile App. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed by comparing attrition rates (loss to follow-up), reviewing participant and counsellor feedback contained in fieldnotes, and analysing data on the ‘Perceived helpfulness of the PTSD Coach App’ (Pilot 2). PTSD symptom severity was assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), changes between treatment and control groups were compared, the reliable change index (RCI) was calculated, and clinically significant changes were determined.

          Results: Three participants in Pilot 1 and two participants in Pilot 2 were lost to follow-up. Fieldnotes indicated that PTSD Coach Mobile App addressed identified computer literacy challenges in Pilot 1 (PCO); and a shorter duration of intervention (from 8 to 4 weeks) was associated with less attrition. The RCI indicated that four participants in Pilot 1 and eight participants in Pilot 2 experienced significant improvement in PTSD symptom severity.

          Conclusions: The preliminary results suggest that both platforms can alleviate PTSD symptoms, and that the involvement of volunteer counsellors is beneficial. The use of PTSD Coach Mobile App may be more feasible than the online version (PCO) in our setting.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Research on supported PTSD Coach interventions is limited in resource-constrained settings.

          • Both volunteer counsellor-supported PTSD Coach Online and the PTSD Coach Mobile App showed preliminary reliable and clinically significant changes.

          • The use of PTSD Coach Mobile App seems more feasible than the volunteer counsellor-supported PTSD Coach Online.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: La alta prevalencia de exposición a trauma y el consecuente trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) están bien documentadas en países de bajos y medianos ingresos y la mayoría de los individuos con TEPT tiene acceso limitado a los tratamientos necesarios en estos entornos. Las intervenciones basadas en internet de acceso gratuito, como el ‘PTSD Coach’, nombre de la aplicación en inglés (disponible vía aplicación móvil y a través de la web), pueden ayudar a abordar esta brecha y mejorar el acceso y la eficiencia de la atención. Condujimos dos estudios piloto para evaluar la viabilidad, aceptabilidad y preliminarmente la efectividad del ‘PTSD Coach’ en un contexto con recursos limitados de Sudáfrica.

          Metodología: Piloto 1: Los participantes con TEPT ( n = 10) fueron asignados al azar al ‘PTSD Coach’ en modalidad online (PCO en sus siglas en inglés) apoyado por un consejero o al tratamiento habitual mejorado. Piloto 2: Los participantes ( n = 10) fueron asignados al azar al ‘PTSD Coach’ en modalidad de aplicación móvil apoyado por un consejero o a la aplicación móvil ‘PTSD Coach’ de manera auto-gestionada. La viabilidad y aceptabilidad se evaluaron comparando las tasas de deserción (perdida durante el seguimiento), revisando los comentarios de retroalimentación dados por los participantes y consejeros, los cuales se encontraban contenidos en las notas de campo, y analizando los datos en la ‘Utilidad percibida de la aplicación PTSD Coach’ (Piloto 2). La gravedad de los síntomas del TEPT se evaluaron con la Escala de TEPT Administrada por el Clínico (CAPS-5), donde se compararon los cambios entre los grupos de tratamiento y control, el índice de cambio confiable fue calculado y el cambio clínicamente significativo fue determinado.

          Resultados: En el Piloto 1 se perdieron en el seguimiento tres participantes y en el Piloto 2 se perdieron en el seguimiento dos participantes. Las notas de campo indicaron que la aplicación móvil del ‘PTSD Coach’ abordó los desafíos de la alfabetización informática en el Piloto 1 (PCO); y una intervención de duración más breve (de ocho a cuatro semanas) se asoció con menos deserción. En el Piloto 1 el RCI indicó que cuatro participantes experimentaron una mejoría significativa en la gravedad de los síntomas del TEPT, mientras que ocho indicaron una mejoría significativa en la gravedad de los síntomas del TEPT en el Piloto 2.

          Conclusiones: Los resultados preliminares sugieren que ambas plataformas pueden aliviar los síntomas de TEPT y que la participación de un consejero voluntario es beneficiosa. La aplicación móvil ‘PTSD Coach’ puede ser más factible que la versión en línea (PCO) en nuestro medio.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 创伤暴露和随之而来的创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 在低收入和中等收入国家的高流行率已得到充分证明,大多数 PTSD 患者在这些环境中获得所需治疗的机会有限。可免费获取的基于互联网的干预措施,如 PTSD 教练(基于网络和移动应用程序),可以帮助解决这一缺口并提高护理的可及性和效率。我们在一个南非资源受限的环境下进行了两项试点研究评估 PTSD 教练的可行性、可接受性和初步有效性。

          方法: 试点 1:患有 PTSD 的参与者( n = 10)被随机分配到辅导员支持的在线PTSD 教练(PCO)或强化的常规治疗。试点 2:参与者( n = 10)被随机分配到辅导员支持的 PTSD 教练移动应用程序或自我管理的 PTSD 教练移动应用程序。可行性和可接受性通过比较流失率(失访)、回顾现场记录中参与者和辅导员的反馈,并分析‘感知到的 PTSD 教练应用程序的帮助性’数据(试点 2)来评估。通过临床用 PTSD 量表 (CAPS-5) 评估PTSD 症状严重程度,比较治疗组和对照组之间的变化,计算可靠的变化指数,并确定有临床意义的变化。

          结果: 在试点 1 中,三名参与者失访,在试点 2 中,两名参与者失访。现场记录表明,PTSD 教练移动应用程序解决了试点 1 (PCO) 中确定的计算机读写能力挑战;较短的干预时间(从 8 周到 4 周)与较少的流失相关。在试点 1 中,RCI 表明四名参与者体验到 PTSD 症状严重程度显著改善,而试点 2 中八名参与者表现出 PTSD 症状严重程度显著改善。

          结论: 初步结果表明,两个平台都可以缓解 PTSD 症状,并且志愿辅导员的参与是有益的。在我们的环境中,PTSD 教练移动应用程序可能比在线版本 (PCO) 更可行。

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          Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys

          Background Traumatic events are common globally; however, comprehensive population-based cross-national data on the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paradigmatic trauma-related mental disorder, are lacking. Methods Data were analyzed from 26 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. A total of 71 083 respondents ages 18+ participated. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed exposure to traumatic events as well as 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime PTSD. Respondents were also assessed for treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Age of onset distributions were examined by country income level. Associations of PTSD were examined with country income, world region, and respondent demographics. Results The cross-national lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 3.9% in the total sample and 5.6% among the trauma exposed. Half of respondents with PTSD reported persistent symptoms. Treatment seeking in high-income countries (53.5%) was roughly double that in low-lower middle income (22.8%) and upper-middle income (28.7%) countries. Social disadvantage, including younger age, female sex, being unmarried, being less educated, having lower household income, and being unemployed, was associated with increased risk of lifetime PTSD among the trauma exposed. Conclusions PTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent. Only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care. Striking disparities in PTSD treatment exist by country income level. Increasing access to effective treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, remains critical for reducing the population burden of PTSD.
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            Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

            ABSTRACT Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their ‘worst.’ Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD. Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the ‘worst’ lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.
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              Psychometric properties of the life events checklist.

              The Life Events Checklist (LEC), a measure of exposure to potentially traumatic events, was developed at the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) concurrently with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) to facilitate the diagnosis of PTSD. Although the CAPS is recognized as the gold standard in PTSD symptom assessment, the psychometric soundness of the LEC has never been formally evaluated. The studies reported here describe the performance of the LEC in two samples: college undergraduates and combat veterans. The LEC exhibited adequate temporal stability, good convergence with an established measure of trauma history -- the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) -- and was comparable to the TLEQ in associations with variables known to be correlated with traumatic exposure in a sample of undergraduates. In a clinical sample of combat veterans, the LEC was significantly correlated, in the predicted directions, with measures of psychological distress and was strongly associated with PTSD symptoms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                26 September 2022
                2022
                26 September 2022
                : 13
                : 2
                : 2107359
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychiatry and MRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
                [b ]Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Erine Bröcker erineb@ 123456sun.ac.za Department of Psychiatry, 2nd Floor, Clinical Building, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa.

                Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2107359.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9861-9527
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-9515
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-3128
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4887-7296
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-8388
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
                Article
                2107359
                10.1080/20008066.2022.2107359
                9542529
                36212116
                cd0d87d2-8589-4ca1-9bc0-6f3d9c54982b
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                internet-based intervention,ptsd,adults,resource-constrained setting,ptsd coach,intervención basada en internet,tept,adultos,entorno con recursos limitados,基于互联网的干预,成人,资源受限的环境

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