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      Adherence to treatment: practice, education and research in Danish community pharmacy Translated title: Cumplimiento: revisión de la educación, investigación, práctica y política en España

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          Abstract

          Objective: To describe the practice, education and research concerning medication adherence in Danish community pharmacy. Methods: The authors supplemented their expertise in the area of medication adherence through their contacts with other educators and researchers as well as by conducting searches in the Danish Pharmacy Practice Evidence Database, which provides annually updated literature reviews on intervention research in Danish pharmacy practice. Results: Practice: Medication adherence is the focus of and/or is supported by a large number of services and initiatives used in pharmacy practice such as governmental funding, IT-supported medicine administration systems, dose-dispensing systems, theme years in pharmacies on adherence and concordance, standards for counselling at the counter, pharmacist counselling, medication reviews and inhaler technique assessment. Education: In Denmark, pharmacy and pharmaconomist students are extensively trained in the theory and practice of adherence to therapy. Pharmacy staff can choose from a variety of continuing education and post-graduate programmes which address patient adherence. Research: Nine ongoing and recently completed studies are described. Early research in Denmark comprised primarily smaller, qualitative studies centred on user perspectives, whereas later research has shifted the focus towards larger, quantitative, controlled studies and action-oriented studies focusing on patient groups with chronic diseases (such as diabetes, asthma, coronary vascular diseases). Conclusions: Our analysis has documented that Danish pharmaceutical education and research has focused strongly on adherence to treatment for more than three decades. Adherence initiatives in Danish community pharmacies have developed substantially in the past 5-10 years, and, as pharmacies have prioritised their role in health care and patient safety, this development can be expected to continue in future years.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo: Describir la práctica, educación e investigación relativa a cumplimiento de la medicación en la farmacia comunitaria danesa. Métodos: Los autores complementaron su experiencia en el área del cumplimiento de la medicación mediante sus contactos con otros educadores e investigadores así como mediante búsquedas en la Base de Datos de Evidencia en Farmacia Práctica Danesa, que proporciona anualmente revisiones de la literatura sobre investigaciones de intervención en la farmacia práctica danesa. Resultados: Práctica: El cumplimiento de la medicación es el centro de y/o esta incluida en un gran número de servicios e iniciativas utilizadas en la farmacia práctica tales como financiación gubernamental, sistemas de administración de medicamentos electrónicos, sistemas de dispensación de dosis, temas en farmacias sobre cumplimiento y concordancia, estándares de consejo en el mostrador, consejo farmacéutico, revisión de la medicación, y evaluación de la técnica de inhalación. Educación: en Dinamarca, los estudiantes de farmacia y técnicos de farmacia son formados intensamente en teoría y práctica de cumplimiento terapéutico. El personal de la farmacia puede elegir entre una variedad de formación continuada y programas postgraduados que tratan del cumplimiento del paciente. Investigación: Se describen nueve estudios en marcha o concluidos. Las primeras investigaciones en Dinamarca comprendieron fundamentalmente estudios pequeños, cualitativos y centrados en las perspectivas del usuario, mientras que las últimas investigaciones mudaron su ámbito hacia estudios mayores, cuantitativos, controlados y estudios de acción-orientada que se centraban en grupos de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (como diabetes, asma, enfermedad coronaria). Conclusión: Nuestra investigación ha documentado que la educación y la investigación farmacéuticas danesas se han centrado fuertemente en el cumplimiento del tratamient durante más de tres décadas. Las iniciativas sobre cumplimiento en las farmacias comunitarias danesas se desarrollaron sustancialmente en los pasados 5-10 años y, como las farmacias han priorizado su papel en los cuidados de salud y en la seguridad del paciente, puede esperarse que este desarrollo continúe en los próximos años.

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          Most cited references67

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          Improving the well-being of elderly patients via community pharmacy-based provision of pharmaceutical care: a multicentre study in seven European countries.

          This study aimed to measure the outcomes of a harmonised, structured pharmaceutical care programme provided to elderly patients (> or =65 years of age) by community pharmacists in a multicentre international study performed in 7 European countries. The study was a randomised, controlled, longitudinal, clinical trial with repeated measures performed over an 18-month period. A total of 104 intervention and 86 control pharmacy sites participated in the research and 1290 intervention patients and 1164 control patients were recruited into the study. A general decline in health-related quality of life over time was observed in the pooled data; however, significant improvements were achieved in patients involved in the pharmaceutical care programme in some countries. Intervention patients reported better control of their medical conditions as a result of the study and cost savings associated with pharmaceutical care provision were observed in most countries. The new structured service was well accepted by intervention patients and patient satisfaction with the services improved during the study. The pharmacists involved in providing pharmaceutical care had a positive opinion on the new approach, as did the majority of general practitioners surveyed. The positive effects appear to have been achieved via social and psychosocial aspects of the intervention, such as the increased support provided by community pharmacists, rather than via biomedical mechanisms. This study is the first large-scale, multicentre study to investigate the effects of pharmaceutical care provision by community pharmacists to elderly patients. Future research methodology and implementation will be informed by the experience gained from this challenging trial.
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              Developing a generic, individualised adherence programme for chronic medication users

              Objective The scope of this article is to describe the background for and content of an adherence counselling programme with a specific focus on an individualised, multi-dimensional adherence model for patients with a potential adherence problem (a so-called ‘individualised systems model’). Methods An intervention programme based on WHO’s systems model for adherence was developed for implementation in primary health care and tested in a development project in Danish pharmacies in 2004-2005 in three pharmacies and 4 GP practices by 27 patients. Data were collected from the participants by registration forms, questionnaires, and focus groups. Since the programme was to support patients in the self-management process regarding choice and implementation of medication treatment, various strategies were used and different theoretical assumptions and choices made prior to setting up the study. These strategies include distinguishing between different types of non-adherence, a model for stages of change, self-efficacy, narratives, motivating interviewing strategies and coaching techniques. These strategic and theoretical choices are described in the article. Results The strategies and theoretical reflections formed the platform for the creation of a counselling programme, which was tested in two forms, a basic and an extended version - provided by either a pharmaconomist or a pharmacist. The result section also describes a toolbox of instruments to enable pharmacy staff and GPs to tailor a counselling programme for patients individually called ‘Safe and effective use of medicines’. Besides, the results include a description of how the WHO-model is transformed into an individualised counselling model.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pharmacin
                Pharmacy Practice (Internet)
                Pharmacy Practice (Internet)
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas (Redondela )
                1886-3655
                December 2009
                : 7
                : 4
                : 185-194
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Copenhagen University Denmark
                [2 ] R & D, Pharmakon Denmark
                Article
                S1886-36552009000400001
                10.4321/s1886-36552009000400001
                cd0f01c4-4da1-46d0-8f79-ced03d4e6a62

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Medication Adherence,Pharmacists,Denmark,Adherencia a la medicación,Farmacéuticos,Dinamarca

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