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      The gendered pandemic: The implications of COVID‐19 for work and family

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          Abstract

          The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected nearly all the aspects of society since it's onset in early 2020. In addition to infecting and taking the lives of millions of global citizens, the pandemic has fundamentally changed family and work patterns. The pandemic and associated mitigation measures have increased the unemployment rates, amplified health risks for essential workers required to work on‐site, and led to unprecedented rates of telecommuting. Additionally, due to school/daycare closures and social distancing, many parents have lost access to institutional and informal childcare support during the COVID‐19 crisis. Such losses in childcare support have significantly impacted the paid and unpaid labor of parents, particularly of mothers. In this article, we synthesize recent research on pandemic‐related changes to work and family in the United States. Applying an intersectionality lens, we discuss the gendered implications of these changes. Because gender inequality in family and work are connected, COVID‐19 has, in many cases, deepened the pre‐existing gender inequalities in both realms.

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          Most cited references92

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          Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

          Highlights • At least one in five healthcare professionals report symptoms of depression and anxiety. • Almost four in 10 healthcare workers experience sleeping difficulties and/or insomnia. • Rates of anxiety and depression were higher for female healthcare workers and nursing staff. • Milder mood symptoms are common and screening should aim to identify mild and sub-threshold syndromes.
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            Is Open Access

            Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study

            Summary Background Data for front-line health-care workers and risk of COVID-19 are limited. We sought to assess risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers compared with the general community and the effect of personal protective equipment (PPE) on risk. Methods We did a prospective, observational cohort study in the UK and the USA of the general community, including front-line health-care workers, using self-reported data from the COVID Symptom Study smartphone application (app) from March 24 (UK) and March 29 (USA) to April 23, 2020. Participants were voluntary users of the app and at first use provided information on demographic factors (including age, sex, race or ethnic background, height and weight, and occupation) and medical history, and subsequently reported any COVID-19 symptoms. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to estimate multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of our primary outcome, which was a positive COVID-19 test. The COVID Symptom Study app is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04331509. Findings Among 2 035 395 community individuals and 99 795 front-line health-care workers, we recorded 5545 incident reports of a positive COVID-19 test over 34 435 272 person-days. Compared with the general community, front-line health-care workers were at increased risk for reporting a positive COVID-19 test (adjusted HR 11·61, 95% CI 10·93–12·33). To account for differences in testing frequency between front-line health-care workers and the general community and possible selection bias, an inverse probability-weighted model was used to adjust for the likelihood of receiving a COVID-19 test (adjusted HR 3·40, 95% CI 3·37–3·43). Secondary and post-hoc analyses suggested adequacy of PPE, clinical setting, and ethnic background were also important factors. Interpretation In the UK and the USA, risk of reporting a positive test for COVID-19 was increased among front-line health-care workers. Health-care systems should ensure adequate availability of PPE and develop additional strategies to protect health-care workers from COVID-19, particularly those from Black, Asian, and minority ethnic backgrounds. Additional follow-up of these observational findings is needed. Funding Zoe Global, Wellcome Trust, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, National Institutes of Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, Alzheimer's Society, National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness.
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              Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey

              As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yue.qian@ubc.ca
                Journal
                Sociol Compass
                Sociol Compass
                10.1111/(ISSN)1751-9020
                SOC4
                Sociology Compass
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1751-9020
                09 April 2021
                June 2021
                : 15
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1111/soc4.v15.6 )
                : e12881
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Sociology The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte North Carolina USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Sociology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
                [ 3 ] Department of Organizational Science The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte North Carolina USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Yue Qian, Department of Sociology, The University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.

                Email: yue.qian@ 123456ubc.ca

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-5871
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2120-5403
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4599-622X
                Article
                SOC412881
                10.1111/soc4.12881
                8250288
                34230836
                cd1d0712-9760-4308-90b9-0387a15e7d98
                © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 17 March 2021
                : 12 November 2020
                : 19 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 13, Words: 7532
                Funding
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100000024;
                Award ID: Canadian COVID‐19 Rapid Research Funding
                Categories
                Article
                Child & Family
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.4 mode:remove_FC converted:02.07.2021

                covid‐19,disaster,family,gender,inequality,pandemic,work
                covid‐19, disaster, family, gender, inequality, pandemic, work

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