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      The peripheral and central mechanisms underlying itch

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          Abstract

          Itch is one of the most distressing sensations that substantially impair quality of life. It is a cardinal symptom of many skin diseases and is also caused by a variety of systemic disorders. Unfortunately, currently available itch medications are ineffective in many chronic itch conditions, and they often cause undesirable side effects. To develop novel therapeutic strategies, it is essential to identify primary afferent neurons that selectively respond to itch mediators as well as the central nervous system components that process the sensation of itch and initiate behavioral responses. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of itch, focusing on itch-selective receptors, signaling molecules, neuronal pathways from the primary sensory neurons to the brain, and potential decoding mechanisms based on which itch is distinguished from pain. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(9): 474-487]

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          DREADDs for Neuroscientists.

          Bryan Roth (2016)
          To understand brain function, it is essential that we discover how cellular signaling specifies normal and pathological brain function. In this regard, chemogenetic technologies represent valuable platforms for manipulating neuronal and non-neuronal signal transduction in a cell-type-specific fashion in freely moving animals. Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)-based chemogenetic tools are now commonly used by neuroscientists to identify the circuitry and cellular signals that specify behavior, perceptions, emotions, innate drives, and motor functions in species ranging from flies to nonhuman primates. Here I provide a primer on DREADDs highlighting key technical and conceptual considerations and identify challenges for chemogenetics going forward.
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            ANKTM1, a TRP-like channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, is activated by cold temperatures.

            Gina M Story, Andrea Peier, Alison J. Reeve … (2003)
            Mammals detect temperature with specialized neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Four TRPV-class channels have been implicated in sensing heat, and one TRPM-class channel in sensing cold. The combined range of temperatures that activate these channels covers a majority of the relevant physiological spectrum sensed by most mammals, with a significant gap in the noxious cold range. Here, we describe the characterization of ANKTM1, a cold-activated channel with a lower activation temperature compared to the cold and menthol receptor, TRPM8. ANKTM1 is a distant family member of TRP channels with very little amino acid similarity to TRPM8. It is found in a subset of nociceptive sensory neurons where it is coexpressed with TRPV1/VR1 (the capsaicin/heat receptor) but not TRPM8. Consistent with the expression of ANKTM1, we identify noxious cold-sensitive sensory neurons that also respond to capsaicin but not to menthol.
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              Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness.

              Xiaosi Gu, Patrick R Hof, Karl J. Friston … (2013)
              This paper reviews the foundation for a role of the human anterior insular cortex (AIC) in emotional awareness, defined as the conscious experience of emotions. We first introduce the neuroanatomical features of AIC and existing findings on emotional awareness. Using empathy, the awareness and understanding of other people's emotional states, as a test case, we then present evidence to demonstrate: 1) AIC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are commonly coactivated as revealed by a meta-analysis, 2) AIC is functionally dissociable from ACC, 3) AIC integrates stimulus-driven and top-down information, and 4) AIC is necessary for emotional awareness. We propose a model in which AIC serves two major functions: integrating bottom-up interoceptive signals with top-down predictions to generate a current awareness state and providing descending predictions to visceral systems that provide a point of reference for autonomic reflexes. We argue that AIC is critical and necessary for emotional awareness. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMB Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMB Rep
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ksbmb
                Title: BMB Reports
                Publisher: Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
                ISSN (Print): 1976-6696
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-670X
                Publication date (Print): 30 September 2016
                Volume: 49
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 474-487
                Affiliations
                Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Tel: +82-53-785-6147; Fax: +82-53-785-6109; E-mail: hyosang22@ 123456dgist.ac.kr
                [#]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: BMB-49-474
                DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.9.108
                PMC ID: 5227140
                PubMed ID: 27418284
                SO-VID: cd2b1684-062b-4ad8-83a5-495dc718541d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016, Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 01 July 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Invited Mini Review

                Keywords: bam8-22,chloroquine,cowhage,endothelin,histamine,itch,mrgpra3,mrgprc11,primary afferents,primary sensory neurons,protease-activated receptor,pruritogen,pruritus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bam8-22, chloroquine, cowhage, endothelin, histamine, itch, mrgpra3, mrgprc11, primary afferents, primary sensory neurons, protease-activated receptor, pruritogen, pruritus

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