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      Short Overview of ROS as Cell Function Regulators and Their Implications in Therapy Concepts

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          Abstract

          The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been gradually acknowledged over the last four decades. Initially perceived as unwanted products of detrimental oxidative stress, they have been upgraded since, and now ROS are also known to be essential for the regulation of physiological cellular functions through redox signaling. In the majority of cases, metabolic demands, along with other stimuli, are vital for ROS formation and their actions. In this review, we focus on the role of ROS in regulating cell functioning and communication among themselves. The relevance of ROS in therapy concepts is also addressed here.

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          Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation.

          Mireille Bélanger, Igor Allaman, Pierre J. Magistretti (2011)
          The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes-a type of glial cell-have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Energy metabolism of cancer: Glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation (Review).

            Jie Zheng (2012)
            Metabolic activities in normal cells rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP for energy. Unlike in normal cells, glycolysis is enhanced and OXPHOS capacity is reduced in various cancer cells. It has long been believed that the glycolytic phenotype in cancer is due to a permanent impairment of mitochondrial OXPHOS, as proposed by Otto Warburg. This view is challenged by recent investigations which find that the function of mitochondrial OXPHOS in most cancers is intact. Aerobic glycolysis in many cancers is the combined result of various factors such as oncogenes, tumor suppressors, a hypoxic microenvironment, mtDNA mutations, genetic background and others. Understanding the features and complexity of the cancer energy metabolism will help to develop new approaches in early diagnosis and effectively target therapy of cancer.
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              Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress

              Jeroen Frijhoff, Paul G. Winyard, Neven Žarković … (2015)
              Abstract Significance: Oxidative stress is considered to be an important component of various diseases. A vast number of methods have been developed and used in virtually all diseases to measure the extent and nature of oxidative stress, ranging from oxidation of DNA to proteins, lipids, and free amino acids. Recent Advances: An increased understanding of the biology behind diseases and redox biology has led to more specific and sensitive tools to measure oxidative stress markers, which are very diverse and sometimes very low in abundance. Critical Issues: The literature is very heterogeneous. It is often difficult to draw general conclusions on the significance of oxidative stress biomarkers, as only in a limited proportion of diseases have a range of different biomarkers been used, and different biomarkers have been used to study different diseases. In addition, biomarkers are often measured using nonspecific methods, while specific methodologies are often too sophisticated or laborious for routine clinical use. Future Directions: Several markers of oxidative stress still represent a viable biomarker opportunity for clinical use. However, positive findings with currently used biomarkers still need to be validated in larger sample sizes and compared with current clinical standards to establish them as clinical diagnostics. It is important to realize that oxidative stress is a nuanced phenomenon that is difficult to characterize, and one biomarker is not necessarily better than others. The vast diversity in oxidative stress between diseases and conditions has to be taken into account when selecting the most appropriate biomarker. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 23, 1144–1170.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cells
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cells
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cells
                Title: Cells
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4409
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 793
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
                [2 ]Laboratory for Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Salata 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
                [3 ]National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Lidija.Milkovic@ 123456irb.hr ; Tel.: +385-1-457-1212
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4484-039X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-6362
                Article
                Publisher ID: cells-08-00793
                DOI: 10.3390/cells8080793
                PMC ID: 6721558
                PubMed ID: 31366062
                SO-VID: cd4200e6-0094-4ef4-be24-61aa38de32a7
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2019
                Date accepted : 28 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: reactive oxygen species (ros),redox signaling,cellular processes,physiology,cancer,metabolism,therapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: reactive oxygen species (ros), redox signaling, cellular processes, physiology, cancer, metabolism, therapy

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