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      DEXAMETASONA PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE NÁUSEAS Y VÓMITOS POSTOPERATORIOS

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Las náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios (NVPO) son una de las complicaciones anestésicas más frecuentes y que se presentan en el 20-30% de los casos. OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia de la dexametasona a dosis de 8 mg I/V, para la prevención de las NVPO. METODOLOGÍA: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, randomizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, en 104 pacientes de cirugía de coordinación. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos: Grupo P (placebo) y Grupo D (dexametasona 8 mg I/V). Se administró una única dosis de 8 mg de dexametason (2 ml) o de suero fisiológico (2 ml) durante la inducción anestésica. Los pacientes fueron evaluados las primeras horas del postoperatorio en Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica (SRPA), y a las 24 horas en la Sala. Se consignó la presencia de NVPO, necesidad de antieméticos y otras complicaciones. RESULTADOS: El grupo P estuvo integrado por 53 pacientes y el grupo D por 51 pacientes. La incidencia total de NVPO (precoces y tardíos) fue de 36% en el grupo P y 12% en el grupo D (p < 0.01). En el grupo P hubo un 23% de pacientes que presentaron NVPO en SRPA y en el grupo D 12% (p > 0.05). La frecuencia de NVPO en la sala (hasta las 24 hrs.) fue del 25% en el grupo P y 2% en el grupo D (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La dexametasona a dosis de 8 mg fue efectiva para reducir la frecuencia de NVPO, fundamentalmente las tardías.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are one of the most frequent anesthetic complications with an incidence rate of 20-30%. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dexamethasone at a dose of 8 mg I.V. for PONV prevention. METHODOLOGY: we ran a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study in 104 patients who underwent elective surgery. Patients were randomized in 2 groups: Group P (Placebo) and Group D (Dexamethasone 8 mg I.V.). A single dose of 8 mg dexamethasone (2 ml) or saline solution (2 ml) was administered during anesthetic induction. During the first postoperative hours, patients were evaluated in the Postanesthetic Care Unit (PACU), and then, at 24 hours, in their rooms. Patients were assessed for PONV, anti-emetic therapy requirements, and other complications. RESULTS: Group P had a total of 53 patients, and Group D had a total of 51 patients. The total rate of PONV (early and late) was 36% in Group P and 12% in Group D (p < 0.01). 23% of the patients in Group P and 12% in Group D, reported PONV in PACU (p > 0.05). Frequency of NVPO in the ward (up to 24 hours) was 25% for Group P and 2% for Group D (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dexamethasone at a dose of 8 mg was very effective for reducing the frequency of PONV, mainly late ones.

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          A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers.

          Recently, two centers have independently developed a risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This study investigated (1) whether risk scores are valid across centers and (2) whether risk scores based on logistic regression coefficients can be simplified without loss of discriminating power. Adult patients from two centers (Oulu, Finland: n = 520, and Wuerzburg, Germany: n = 2202) received inhalational anesthesia (without antiemetic prophylaxis) for various types of surgery. PONV was defined as nausea or vomiting within 24 h of surgery. Risk scores to estimate the probability of PONV were obtained by fitting logistic regression models. Simplified risk scores were constructed based on the number of risk factors that were found significant in the logistic regression analyses. Original and simplified scores were cross-validated. A combined data set was created to estimate a potential center effect and to construct a final risk score. The discriminating power of each score was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Risk scores derived from one center were able to predict PONV from the other center (area under the curve = 0.65-0.75). Simplification did not essentially weaken the discriminating power (area under the curve = 0.63-0.73). No center effect could be detected in a combined data set (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 0.71-1.59). The final score consisted of four predictors: female gender, history of motion sickness (MS) or PONV, nonsmoking, and the use of postoperative opioids. If none, one, two, three, or four of these risk factors were present, the incidences of PONV were 10%, 21%, 39%, 61% and 79%. The risk scores derived from one center proved valid in the other and could be simplified without significant loss of discriminating power. Therefore, it appears that this risk score has broad applicability in predicting PONV in adult patients undergoing inhalational anesthesia for various types of surgery. For patients with at least two out of these four identified predictors a prophylactic antiemetic strategy should be considered.
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            Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention.

            In a recent editorial, Kapur described perioperative nausea and vomiting as "the big 'little problem' following ambulatory surgery."257 Although the actual morbidity associated with nausea is relatively low in health outpatients, it should not be considered an unavoidable part of the perioperative experience. The availability of an emesis basin for every patient in the postanesthesia recovery unit is a reflection of the limited success with the available therapeutic techniques.257 There had been little change in the incidence of postoperative emesis since the introduction of halothane into clinical practice in 1956. However, newer anesthetic drugs (e.g. propofol) appear to have contributed to a recent decline in the incidence of emesis. Factors associated with an increased risk of postoperative emesis include age, gender (menses), obesity, previous history of motion sickness or postoperative vomiting, anxiety, gastroparesis, and type and duration of the surgical procedure (e.g., laparoscopy, strabismus, middle ear procedures). Anesthesiologists have little, if any, control over these surgical factors. However, they do have control over many other factors that influence postoperative emesis (e.g., preanesthetic medication, anesthetic drugs and techniques, and postoperative pain management). Although routine antiemetic prophylaxis is clearly unjustified, patients at high risk for postoperative emesis should receive special considerations with respect to the prophylactic use of antiemetic drugs. Minimally effective doses of antiemetic drugs can be administered to reduce the incidence of sedation and other deleterious side effects. Potent nonopioid analgesics (e.g., ketorolac) can be used to control pain while avoiding some of the opioid-related side effects. Gentle handling in the immediate postoperative period is also essential. If emesis does occur, aggressive intravenous hydration and pain management are important components of the therapeutic regimen, along with antiemetic drugs. If one antiemetic does not appear to be effective, another drug with a different site of action should be considered. With the availability of new antiserotonin drugs, the incidence of recurrent (intractable) emesis could be further decreased. Research into the mechanisms of this common postoperative complication may help in improving the management of emetic sequelae in the future. As suggested in a recent editorial, improvement in antiemetic therapy could have a major impact for surgical patients, particularly after ambulatory surgery. Patients as well as those involved in their postoperative care look forward to a time when the routine offering of an emesis basin after surgery becomes a historical practice.
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              Unanticipated admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery.

              We conducted a case-control study to identify clinical and demographic risk factors for admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. Of 9616 adult patients who underwent ambulatory surgery at a university-affiliated hospital between 1984 and 1986, one hundred were admitted. The most common reasons for admission were pain (18), excessive bleeding (18), and intractable vomiting (17). The mean age (+/- SD) of patients who were admitted was 37 +/- 13 years, and 96% had American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status scores of 1 or 2. Factors that were independently associated with an increased likelihood of admission were general anesthesia (odds ratio, 5.2), postoperative emesis (odds ratio, 3.0), lower abdominal and urologic surgery (odds ratio, 2.9), time in the operating room greater than 1 hour (odds ratio, 2.7), and age (odds ratio, 2.6). Our results indicate that the likelihood of unanticipated admission is related more to the type of anesthesia and surgical procedure rather than to the patient's clinical characteristics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aar
                Anestesia Analgesia Reanimación
                Anest Analg Reanim
                Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay (Montevideo )
                1688-1273
                2006
                : 21
                : 2
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Asistente del Depto. y Cátedra de Anestesiología Uruguay
                [2 ] Universidad de la República
                Article
                S1688-12732006000200003
                cd620543-4c90-421b-b85c-e553e3ca2d02

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-1273&lng=en
                Categories
                ALLERGY
                ANESTHESIOLOGY
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Immunology,Anesthesiology & Pain management,Internal medicine
                dexamethasone,postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV,dexametasona,náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios,NVPO

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