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      Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in obese adolescents Translated title: Síndrome metabólico y resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes obesos

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in obese adolescents and its relationship with different body composition indicators.

          Methods:

          A cross-sectional study comprising 79 adolescents aged ten to 18 years old. The assessed body composition indicators were: body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, abdominal circumference, and subcutaneous fat. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by Cook et al. The insulin resistance was determined by the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index for values above 3.16. The analysis of ROC curves was used to assess the BMI and the abdominal circumference, aiming to identify the subjects with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. The cutoff point corresponded to the percentage above the reference value used to diagnose obesity.

          Results:

          The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 45.5% of the patients and insulin resistance, in 29.1%. Insulin resistance showed association with HDL-cholesterol ( p=0.032) and with metabolic syndrome ( p=0.006). All body composition indicators were correlated with insulin resistance ( p<0.01). In relation to the cutoff point evaluation, the values of 23.5 and 36.3% above the BMI reference point allowed the identification of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The best cutoff point for abdominal circumference to identify insulin resistance was 40%.

          Conclusions:

          All body composition indicators, HDL-cholesterol and metabolic syndrome showed correlation with insulin resistance. The BMI was the most effective anthropometric indicator to identify insulin resistance.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          Verificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico y de la resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes obesos y su relación con distintos indicadores de composición corporal.

          Métodos:

          Estudio transversal con 79 adolescentes de 10 a 18 años. Los indicadores de composición corporal fueron: índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal, circunferencia abdominal y grasa subcutánea. El síndrome metabólico fue diagnosticado conforme a los criterios de Cook et al. La resistencia a la insulina fue determinada por el índice de Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistence (HOMA-IR) para valores superiores a 3,16. Se utilizó el análisis de curvas ROC para evaluar el IMC y la circunferencia abdominal, identificándose los individuos con resistencia a la insulina y síndrome metabólico. El punto de corte correspondió al porcentaje superior al valor de referencia para el diagnóstico de obesidad.

          Resultados:

          El síndrome metabólico fue diagnosticado en 45,5% de los pacientes y la resistencia a la insulina, en 29,1%. La resistencia a la insulina presentó asociación con el HDL-colesterol ( p=0,032) y con el síndrome metabólico ( p=0,006). Todos los indicadores de composición corporal evaluados presentaron correlación con la resistencia a la insulina ( p<0,01). En la evaluación de los puntos de corte, los valores de 23,5 y 36,3% por encima del valor de referencia del IMC permitieron identificar la resistencia a la insulina y el síndrome metabólico. El mejor punto de corte de la circunferencia abdominal para identificar la resistencia a la insulina fue de 40%.

          Conclusiones:

          Todos los indicadores de composición corporal, el HDL-colesterol y el síndrome metabólico presentaron correlación con la resistencia a la insulina. El IMC se mostró el indicador antropométrico más eficaz para identificar la resistencia a la insulina.

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          Most cited references23

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          Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935.

          Overweight in adults is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In contrast, the long-term effect of overweight in adolescence on morbidity and mortality is not known. We studied the relation between overweight and morbidity and mortality in 508 lean or overweight adolescents 13 to 18 years old who participated in the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. Overweight adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index that on two occasions was greater than the 75th percentile in subjects of the same age and sex in a large national survey. Lean adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index between the 25th and 50th percentiles. Subjects who were still alive were interviewed in 1988 to obtain information about their medical history, weight, functional capacity, and other risk factors. For those who had died, information on the cause of death was obtained from death certificates. Overweight in adolescent subjects was associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes and disease-specific mortality among men, but not among women. The relative risks among men were 1.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.7; P = 0.004) for mortality from all causes and 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.1; P = 0.002) for mortality from coronary heart disease. The risk of morbidity from coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis was increased among men and women who had been overweight in adolescence. The risk of colorectal cancer and gout was increased among men and the risk of arthritis was increased among women who had been overweight in adolescence. Overweight in adolescence was a more powerful predictor of these risks than overweight in adulthood. Overweight in adolescence predicted a broad range of adverse health effects that were independent of adult weight after 55 years of follow-up.
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            Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents.

            To describe and provide estimates of the distribution of waist circumference (WC) according to percentiles in African-, European-, and Mexican-American children, and to test for group differences at different percentiles. Cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were examined. The sample evaluated included 9713 nonpregnant persons 2 to 18 years of age with measured values of WCs. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific percentiles were estimated via percentile regression. WC measurements increased in a monotonic fashion across ages but at nonconstant rates and in a manner that varied across age and sex. At higher percentiles of the distribution, estimates of WC differ between Mexican-American (MA) and European-American (EA) and between African-American (AA) and European-American (EA), and, in some cases, exceeded the adult cutoff value for obesity-related disease risk at as early as 13 years of age. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific WC percentiles are available for US children and adolescents and can be used as an assessment tool that could impact public health recommendations. Results suggest concern with respect to high WC values among certain ethnic groups.
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              Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

              Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) using criteria easily applied by clinicians and researchers. There is no standard pediatric definition. We defined pediatric MetS using criteria analogous to ATP III as > or =3 of the following: (1) fasting triglycerides > or =1.1 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); (2) HDL or =6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL); (4) waist circumference >75th percentile for age and gender; and (5) systolic blood pressure >90th percentile for gender, age, and height. MetS prevalence in US adolescents was estimated with the Third National Health and Nutritional Survey 1988 to 1994. Among 1960 children aged > or =12 years who fasted > or =8 hours, two thirds had at least 1 metabolic abnormality, and nearly 1 in 10 had MetS. The racial/ethnic distribution was similar to adults: Mexican-Americans, followed by non-Hispanic whites, had a greater prevalence of MetS compared with non-Hispanic blacks (12.9%, [95% CI 10.4% to 15.4%]; 10.9%, [95% CI 8.4% to 13.4%]; and 2.5%, [95% CI 1.3% to 3.7%], respectively). Nearly one third (31.2% [95% CI 28.3% to 34.1%]) of overweight/obese adolescents had MetS. Our definition of pediatric MetS, designed to be closely analogous to ATP III, found MetS is common in adolescents and has a similar racial/ethnic distribution to adults in this representative national sample. Because childhood MetS likely tracks into adulthood, early identification may help target interventions to improve future cardiovascular health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                March 2014
                March 2014
                : 32
                : 1
                : 55-62
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
                Author notes
                Endereço para correspondência: Amanda Oliva Gobato Estrada do Jequitibá, 1.750, casa 117 - Condomínio Moinho de Vento - Veneza CEP 13274-610 - Valinhos/SP E-mail: nutricionista.amanda@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflito de interesse: nada a declarar

                Article
                S0103-05822014000100055
                10.1590/S0103-05822014000100010
                4182990
                24676191
                cd670cb5-5646-41bf-a843-85880760c046

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 April 2013
                : 10 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 29, Pages: 5
                Funding
                Fonte financiadora: Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e à Extensão (Faepex) - processos nº 146365-11, 57256-11 e 57257-11
                Categories
                Original Article

                metabolic syndrome x,insulin resistance,obesity,adolescent,body composition,anthropometry,síndrome x metabólica,resistência à insulina,obesidade,adolescente,composição corporal,antropometria

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