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      Tinnitus Intensity Dependent Gamma Oscillations of the Contralateral Auditory Cortex

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          Abstract

          Background

          Non-pulsatile tinnitus is considered a subjective auditory phantom phenomenon present in 10 to 15% of the population. Tinnitus as a phantom phenomenon is related to hyperactivity and reorganization of the auditory cortex. Magnetoencephalography studies demonstrate a correlation between gamma band activity in the contralateral auditory cortex and the presence of tinnitus. The present study aims to investigate the relation between objective gamma-band activity in the contralateral auditory cortex and subjective tinnitus loudness scores.

          Methods and Findings

          In unilateral tinnitus patients (N = 15; 10 right, 5 left) source analysis of resting state electroencephalographic gamma band oscillations shows a strong positive correlation with Visual Analogue Scale loudness scores in the contralateral auditory cortex (max r = 0.73, p<0.05).

          Conclusion

          Auditory phantom percepts thus show similar sound level dependent activation of the contralateral auditory cortex as observed in normal audition. In view of recent consciousness models and tinnitus network models these results suggest tinnitus loudness is coded by gamma band activity in the contralateral auditory cortex but might not, by itself, be responsible for tinnitus perception.

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          Most cited references30

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          Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain.

          R.D Pascual-Marqui, C.M. Michel, D. Lehmann (1994)
          This paper presents a new method for localizing the electric activity in the brain based on multichannel surface EEG recordings. In contrast to the models presented up to now the new method does not assume a limited number of dipolar point sources nor a distribution on a given known surface, but directly computes a current distribution throughout the full brain volume. In order to find a unique solution for the 3-dimensional distribution among the infinite set of different possible solutions, the method assumes that neighboring neurons are simultaneously and synchronously activated. The basic assumption rests on evidence from single cell recordings in the brain that demonstrates strong synchronization of adjacent neurons. In view of this physiological consideration the computational task is to select the smoothest of all possible 3-dimensional current distributions, a task that is a common procedure in generalized signal processing. The result is a true 3-dimensional tomography with the characteristic that localization is preserved with a certain amount of dispersion, i.e., it has a relatively low spatial resolution. The new method, which we call Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) is illustrated with two different sets of evoked potential data, the first showing the tomography of the P100 component to checkerboard stimulation of the left, right, upper and lower hemiretina, and the second showing the results for the auditory N100 component and the two cognitive components CNV and P300. A direct comparison of the tomography results with those obtained from fitting one and two dipoles illustrates that the new method provides physiologically meaningful results while dipolar solutions fail in many situations. In the case of the cognitive components, the method offers new hypotheses on the location of higher cognitive functions in the brain.
          Article 0 comments Cited 508 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy.

            Stanislas Dehaene, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Lionel Naccache … (2006)
            Of the many brain events evoked by a visual stimulus, which are specifically associated with conscious perception, and which merely reflect non-conscious processing? Several recent neuroimaging studies have contrasted conscious and non-conscious visual processing, but their results appear inconsistent. Some support a correlation of conscious perception with early occipital events, others with late parieto-frontal activity. Here we attempt to make sense of these dissenting results. On the basis of the global neuronal workspace hypothesis, we propose a taxonomy that distinguishes between vigilance and access to conscious report, as well as between subliminal, preconscious and conscious processing. We suggest that these distinctions map onto different neural mechanisms, and that conscious perception is systematically associated with surges of parieto-frontal activity causing top-down amplification.
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              Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception.

              Pawel J Jastreboff (1990)
              Phantom auditory perception--tinnitus--is a symptom of many pathologies. Although there are a number of theories postulating certain mechanisms of its generation, none have been proven yet. This paper analyses the phenomenon of tinnitus from the point of view of general neurophysiology. Existing theories and their extrapolation are presented, together with some new potential mechanisms of tinnitus generation, encompassing the involvement of calcium and calcium channels in cochlear function, with implications for malfunction and aging of the auditory and vestibular systems. It is hypothesized that most tinnitus results from the perception of abnormal activity, defined as activity which cannot be induced by any combination of external sounds. Moreover, it is hypothesized that signal recognition and classification circuits, working on holographic or neuronal network-like representation, are involved in the perception of tinnitus and are subject to plastic modification. Furthermore, it is proposed that all levels of the nervous system, to varying degrees, are involved in tinnitus manifestation. These concepts are used to unravel the inexplicable, unique features of tinnitus and its masking. Some clinical implications of these theories are suggested.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 October 2009
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e7396
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Brain Research centre Antwerp for Innovative and Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (BRAI2N), University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
                [2 ]Tinnitus Research Initiative (TRI), University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
                [3 ]General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
                [4 ]National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), GIPSA-lab, Grenoble, France
                University of Regensburg, Germany
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: EvdL DDR. Performed the experiments: EvdL. Analyzed the data: EvdL SG MC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EvdL SG MC. Wrote the paper: EvdL SG MC DDR. Revised the manuscript: EvdL SG MC SV MP TM PVdH DDR.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 09-PONE-RA-10157R1
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007396
                PMC ID: 2754613
                PubMed ID: 19816597
                SO-VID: cd6ea5ab-0cee-4ced-935f-e6fd2ecbeb7a
                Copyright © van der Loo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 6 May 2009
                Date accepted : 15 September 2009
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Neuroscience/Sensory Systems
                Subject: Neuroscience/Psychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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