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      Invasive Impatiens glandulifera: A driver of changes in native vegetation?

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          Abstract

          Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity worldwide and contribute to changing community patterns and ecosystem processes. However, it is often not obvious whether an invader is the “driver” causing ecosystem changes or a “passenger” which is facilitated by previous ecosystem changes. Causality of the impact can be demonstrated by experimental removal of the invader or introduction into a native community. Using such an experimental approach, we tested whether the impact of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera on native vegetation is causal, and whether the impact is habitat‐dependent. We conducted a field study comparing invaded and uninvaded plots with plots from which I. glandulifera was removed and plots where I. glandulifera was planted within two riparian habitats, alder forests and meadows. A negative impact of planting I. glandulifera and a concurrent positive effect of removal on the native vegetation indicated a causal effect of I. glandulifera on total native biomass and growth of Urtica dioica. Species α‐diversity and composition were not affected by I. glandulifera manipulations. Thus, I. glandulifera had a causal but low effect on the native vegetation. The impact depended slightly on habitat as only the effect of I. glandulifera planting on total biomass was slightly stronger in alder forests than meadows. We suggest that I. glandulifera is a “back‐seat driver” of changes, which is facilitated by previous ecosystem changes but is also a driver of further changes. Small restrictions of growth of the planted I. glandulifera and general association of I. glandulifera with disturbances indicate characteristics of a back‐seat driver. For management of I. glandulifera populations, this requires habitat restoration along with removal of the invader.

          Abstract

          In invasion biology, causality of impact is often not obvious. By experimental removal and planting the plant invader Impatiens glandulifera, we showed that it had a low but causal negative impact on native European vegetation in riparian meadows and alder forests. Thus, I. glandulifara has some characteristics of a driver of ecosystem changes.

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          Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Usinglme4

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            Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.

            Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
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              The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                judith.bieberich@uni-bayreuth.de
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                12 January 2021
                February 2021
                : 11
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.v11.3 )
                : 1320-1333
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Ecological Botanical Gardens Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
                [ 2 ] Animal Ecology 1 Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Judith Bieberich, Ecological Botanical Gardens and Animal Ecology 1, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.

                Email: judith.bieberich@ 123456uni-bayreuth.de

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8644-6577
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-5126
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5609-8025
                Article
                ECE37135
                10.1002/ece3.7135
                7863669
                cd9a7b29-33eb-4643-b5b9-5f2ad7b508f4
                © 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 September 2020
                : 17 November 2020
                : 25 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, Pages: 14, Words: 9920
                Funding
                Funded by: Cusanuswerk (Bischöfliche Studienförderung)
                Funded by: Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Science (BayCEER)
                Funded by: Bayreuth University Graduate School
                Funded by: German Research Foundation (DFG) and the University of Bayreuth in the funding program Open Access Publishing
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                February 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.7 mode:remove_FC converted:05.02.2021

                Evolutionary Biology
                causality of impact,context‐dependency,plant invasion,planting experiment,removal experiment,riverside vegetation

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