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      Painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy. Diagnosis and treatment: about two clinical cases Translated title: Neuropatía trigeminal traumática dolorosa. Diagnóstico y tratamiento: a propósito de dos casos

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Neuropathic pain is originated as a direct consequence of an injury or disease that affects the somatosensory system, which is a chronic, debilitating condition that affects a significant number of patients. The causes of neuropathic pain are diverse, and trauma is one of them. In this article the Painful Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathy (PTTN) is reviewed. Two clinical cases are presented. The first is a 43-year-old female with PTTN, who was diagnosed nine months after reduction and osteosynthesis of a left zygomatomaxillary fracture. The second case corresponds to a 62-year-old male who presented with a left suborbital PTTN also after a zygomatomaxillary fracture and its reduction and osteosynthesis surgery. In the first case, the patient achieved a 70 % of reduction in pain after 6 months of treatment using multimodal analgesia with pregabalin, carbamazepine and amitriptyline. The second patient achieved complete resolution of pain with multimodal therapy using carbamazepine, amitriptyline, and lidocaine patches after two months of treatment. Therapy through multimodal analgesic scheme provides a favorable prognosis, however achieving a total resolution of the patient's pain is a difficult objective to achieve, and a significant reduction of 30% or more in the patient´s VAS is considered a success of the effectiveness of the therapy.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN El dolor neuropático es originado como consecuencia directa de una lesión o enfermedad que afecta al sistema somatosensorial, lo cual es una condición crónica, debilitante, que afecta a un número significativo de pacientes. Las causas de dolor neuropático son diversas y el trauma es una de ellas. En este artículo se revisa la neuropatía trigeminal traumática dolorosa (PTTN). Se presentan dos casos clínicos. La primera es una mujer de 43 años con PTTN que fue diagnosticada nueve meses después de la reducción y osteosíntesis de una fractura cigomatomaxilar izquierda. El segundo caso corresponde a un varón de 62 años que consultó con una PTTN suborbitaria izquierda también tras una fractura cigomatomaxilar y su cirugía de reducción y osteosíntesis. En el primer caso clínico la paciente logró una reducción de un 70 % de su sintomatología a los 6 meses de tratamiento mediante terapia farmacológica multimodal con pregabalina, carbamazepina y amitriptilina. El segundo paciente logró una resolución completa del dolor con carbamazepina, amitriptilina y parches de lidocaína, después de 2 meses. La terapia mediante esquema analgésico multimodal proporciona un pronóstico favorable, sin embargo, lograr una resolución total del dolor del paciente es un objetivo difícil de lograr, y una reducción significativa del 30 % o más en la EVA del paciente se considera un éxito de la efectividad de la terapia.

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          EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision.

          This second European Federation of Neurological Societies Task Force aimed at updating the existing evidence about the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain since 2005. Studies were identified using the Cochrane Database and Medline. Trials were classified according to the aetiological condition. All class I and II randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed; lower class studies were considered only in conditions that had no top-level studies. Treatments administered using repeated or single administrations were considered, provided they are feasible in an outpatient setting. Most large RCTs included patients with diabetic polyneuropathies and post-herpetic neuralgia, while an increasing number of smaller studies explored other conditions. Drugs generally have similar efficacy in various conditions, except in trigeminal neuralgia, chronic radiculopathy and HIV neuropathy, with level A evidence in support of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), pregabalin, gabapentin, tramadol and opioids (in various conditions), duloxetine, venlafaxine, topical lidocaine and capsaicin patches (in restricted conditions). Combination therapy appears useful for TCA-gabapentin and gabapentin-opioids (level A). There are still too few large-scale comparative studies. For future trials, we recommend to assess comorbidities, quality of life, symptoms and signs with standardized tools and attempt to better define responder profiles to specific drug treatments.
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            Multi-dimensionality of chronic pain of the oral cavity and face

            Orofacial pain in its broadest definition can affect up to 7% of the population. Its diagnosis and initial management falls between dentists and doctors and in the secondary care sector among pain physicians, headache neurologists and oral physicians. Chronic facial pain is a long term condition and like all other chronic pain is associated with numerous co-morbidities and treatment outcomes are often related to the presenting co-morbidities such as depression, anxiety, catastrophising and presence of other chronic pain which must be addressed as part of management . The majority of orofacial pain is continuous so a history of episodic pain narrows down the differentials. There are specific oral conditions that rarely present extra orally such as atypical odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome whereas others will present in both areas. Musculoskeletal pain related to the muscles of mastication is very common and may also be associated with disc problems. Trigeminal neuralgia and the rarer glossopharyngeal neuralgia are specific diagnosis with defined care pathways. Other trigeminal neuropathic pain which can be associated with neuropathy is caused most frequently by trauma but secondary causes such as malignancy, infection and auto-immune causes need to be considered. Management is along the lines of other neuropathic pain using accepted pharmacotherapy with psychological support. If no other diagnostic criteria are fulfilled than a diagnosis of chronic or persistent idiopathic facial pain is made and often a combination of antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy is effective. Facial pain patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team.
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              Neuropathic orofacial pain: Facts and fiction

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                September 2021
                : 43
                : 3
                : 109-116
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Hospital del Trabajador Chile
                [2] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de los Andes orgdiv1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Chile
                Article
                S1130-05582021000300109 S1130-0558(21)04300300109
                10.20986/recom.2021.1226/2020
                cda67733-7ee1-424b-8b6c-3d3cab9be0f5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 November 2020
                : 27 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Case Reports

                maxillofacial trauma,traumatic painful trigeminal neuropathy,Neuropathic pain,trauma maxilofacial,neuropatía trigeminal traumática dolorosa,Dolor neuropático

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