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      A new species of the bee genus Ctenoplectrella in middle Eocene Baltic amber (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: ZooKeys
      Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
      Keywords: Megachilinae, Ctenoplectrellini, paleontology, Tertiary, Eocene, taxonomy

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          A new species of the extinct bee genus Ctenoplectrella Cockerell ( Megachilinae: Ctenoplectrellini) is described and figured from two females preserved in middle Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber. Ctenoplectrella phaeton sp. n. is distinguished from its congeners on the basis of its body proportions, integumental sculpturing, wing venation, and pubescence, and is one of the more distinctive members of the genus. A revised key to the species of Ctenoplectrella is provided.

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          A MONOGRAPH OF THE BALTIC AMBER BEES AND EVOLUTION OF THE APOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA)

          MICHAEL S. ENGEL, Jasmine Thum, Adam Sage … (2001)
          Article 0 comments Cited 128 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Biogeographic and evolutionary implications of a diverse paleobiota in amber from the early Eocene of India.

            J. Rust, H Singh, R S Rana … (2010)
            For nearly 100 million years, the India subcontinent drifted from Gondwana until its collision with Asia some 50 Ma, during which time the landmass presumably evolved a highly endemic biota. Recent excavations of rich outcrops of 50-52-million-year-old amber with diverse inclusions from the Cambay Shale of Gujarat, western India address this issue. Cambay amber occurs in lignitic and muddy sediments concentrated by near-shore chenier systems; its chemistry and the anatomy of associated fossil wood indicates a definitive source of Dipterocarpaceae. The amber is very partially polymerized and readily dissolves in organic solvents, thus allowing extraction of whole insects whose cuticle retains microscopic fidelity. Fourteen orders and more than 55 families and 100 species of arthropod inclusions have been discovered thus far, which have affinities to taxa from the Eocene of northern Europe, to the Recent of Australasia, and the Miocene to Recent of tropical America. Thus, India just prior to or immediately following contact shows little biological insularity. A significant diversity of eusocial insects are fossilized, including corbiculate bees, rhinotermitid termites, and modern subfamilies of ants (Formicidae), groups that apparently radiated during the contemporaneous Early Eocene Climatic Optimum or just prior to it during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Cambay amber preserves a uniquely diverse and early biota of a modern-type of broad-leaf tropical forest, revealing 50 Ma of stasis and change in biological communities of the dipterocarp primary forests that dominate southeastern Asia today.
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              Why do leafcutter bees cut leaves? New insights into the early evolution of bees.

              Bryan N. Danforth, J Ruuth-Praz, D Eardley … (2011)
              Stark contrasts in clade species diversity are reported across the tree of life and are especially conspicuous when observed in closely related lineages. The explanation for such disparity has often been attributed to the evolution of key innovations that facilitate colonization of new ecological niches. The factors underlying diversification in bees remain poorly explored. Bees are thought to have originated from apoid wasps during the Mid-Cretaceous, a period that coincides with the appearance of angiosperm eudicot pollen grains in the fossil record. The reliance of bees on angiosperm pollen and their fundamental role as angiosperm pollinators have contributed to the idea that both groups may have undergone simultaneous radiations. We demonstrate that one key innovation--the inclusion of foreign material in nest construction--underlies both a massive range expansion and a significant increase in the rate of diversification within the second largest bee family, Megachilidae. Basal clades within the family are restricted to deserts and exhibit plesiomorphic features rarely observed among modern bees, but prevalent among apoid wasps. Our results suggest that early bees inherited a suite of behavioural traits that acted as powerful evolutionary constraints. While the transition to pollen as a larval food source opened an enormous ecological niche for the early bees, the exploitation of this niche and the subsequent diversification of bees only became possible after bees had evolved adaptations to overcome these constraints.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EC898C32-6E54-49A1-9A65-4A3F5B00E284
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:3714A7FF-E19E-495A-AAF9-98D2F597B757
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2011
                Issue: 111
                Pages: 41-49
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Haworth Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA; Current address: USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA
                [2 ]Division of Entomology (Paleoentomology), Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Victor H. Gonzalez ( victorgonzab@ 123456gmail.com ).

                Academic editor: Michael Ohl

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.111.1593
                PMC ID: 3142689
                PubMed ID: 21852938
                SO-VID: cdc06c73-e15b-4e5b-a1c4-0ccc4e59ff57
                Copyright © Chun-dan Hong, Cornelis van Achterberg, Zai-fu Xu
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2011
                Date accepted : 8 June 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: paleontology,taxonomy,ctenoplectrellini,megachilinae,tertiary,eocene
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: paleontology, taxonomy, ctenoplectrellini, megachilinae, tertiary, eocene

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