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      Randomized controlled evaluation of the psychophysiological effects of social support stress management in healthy women

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          Abstract

          Considering the high and increasing prevalence of stress, approaches to mitigate stress-related biological processes become a matter of public health. Since supportive social interactions contribute substantially to mental and physical health, we set out to develop a social support stress management intervention and examined its effects on psychophysiological stress responses as well as self-reported stress in healthy women. In a parallel-group randomized controlled trial, registered in the DSRK (DRKS00017427), 53 healthy women were randomly assigned to a social support stress management or a waitlist control condition. All participants underwent a standardized psychosocial stress test where physiological and emotional stress responses were assessed by repeated measurements of cortisol, heart rate, heart rate variability and state anxiety. Also, all participants completed self-report questionnaires of perceived stress and social support at pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up four weeks later. Participants in the social support stress management showed a significantly attenuated integrated state anxiety response in comparison to those in the control condition, but conditions did not differ in any of the assessed physiological stress responses. The intervention significantly reduced perceived stress in comparison to the control condition, but perceived stress levels returned to baseline at follow-up. Our results indicated that the intervention had no effect on physiological responses to acute psychosocial stress, even though anxiety responses to stress were attenuated. However, the social support stress management intervention had a significant, albeit transient impact on perceived stress.

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          G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

          G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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            A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

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              An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms

              Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Software
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Software
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Validation
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 June 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 6
                : e0252568
                Affiliations
                [001]Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                Goethe University Frankfurt: Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9194-8491
                Article
                PONE-D-20-02141
                10.1371/journal.pone.0252568
                8177426
                34086752
                cdc34c38-277b-4103-8bfd-c651f477b413
                © 2021 Heimgartner et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 February 2020
                : 17 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 18
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Lipid Hormones
                Cortisol
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Steroid Hormones
                Cortisol
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Rate
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Health Care
                Psychological and Psychosocial Issues
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Custom metadata
                Due to the Swiss regulation on human research we are not allowed to publish data from a clinical trial on a public repository. The Department of Clinical Research of the University of Basel set up a data access committee, which publishes data in form of metadata on a public repository and answers to requests from researchers to get access to the original data. The data set consists of the data required to replicate all study findings reported in the article, as well as related metadata and methods, and it will be available to researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data upon request to the data access committee of the Department of Clinical Research of the University of Basel. Access requests for the data underlying this study can be sent to Constantin Sluka ( constantin.sluka@ 123456usb.ch ) of the Department of Clinical Research.

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