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      Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography for non-cardiac surgery Translated title: L’échocardiographie transœsophagienne périopératoire pour les chirurgies non cardiaques

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      Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
      Springer Nature

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          Abstract

          <div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S1"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5506066e112">Purpose</h5> <p id="P1">The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has evolved to include patients undergoing high-risk non-cardiac procedures and patients with significant cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Implementation of basic TEE education in training programs has increased across a broad spectrum of procedures in the perioperative arena. This paper describes the use of perioperative TEE in non-cardiac surgery and provides an overview of the basic TEE examination. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S2"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5506066e117">Principal findings</h5> <p id="P2">Perioperative TEE is used to monitor hemodynamic parameters in non-cardiac procedures where there is a high risk of hemodynamic instability. Its use extends to include moderate-risk procedures for patients with significant cardiac diseases such as low ejection fraction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe valve lesions, or congenital heart disease. Vascular procedures involving the aorta, blunt trauma, and liver transplantation are all examples of procedures that may benefit from TEE. Transesophageal echocardiography examination allows assessment of volume status, ventricular function, diagnosis of gross valvular pathology and pericardial tamponade, as well as close monitoring of cardiac output, response to therapy, and the impact of ongoing surgical manipulation. In patients with unexplained and unexpected hemodynamic instability, ‘‘rescue TEE’’ can be used to help identify the underlying cause. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S3"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5506066e122">Conclusions</h5> <p id="P3">Perioperative TEE is emerging as a preferred tool to manage hemodynamics in high-risk procedures and in high-risk patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. A rescue TEE examination protocol is a helpful approach for early identification of the etiology of hemodynamic instability. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S4"> <!-- named anchor --> </a>Objectif <p id="P4">L’ utilisation de l’échocardiographie transœsophagienne (ETO) a évolué et est aujourd’hui utilisee aupres de patients subissant des interventions non cardiaques á risque élevé ainsi que de patients souffrant de cardiopathie grave subissant une chirurgie non cardiaque. Dans les programmes d’éducation, la mise en œuvre d’une formation de base en ETO a augmenté et permet son utilisation dans plusieurs types d’interventions réalisees en période perioperatoire. Cet article décrit l’utilisation d’ETO perioperatoire en chirurgie non cardiaque et propose un apercu de l’examen d’ETO de base. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S5"> <!-- named anchor --> </a>Constatations principals <p id="P5">L’ETO périopératoire est utilisée pour monitorer les paramétres hémodynamiques lors d’interventions non cardiaques lorsque le risque d’instabilité hémodynamique est eleve. Son utilisation s’étend pour inclure les interventions á risque modéré pour les patients souffrant d’importantes cardiopathies telles qu’une faible fraction d’éjection, une cardiomyopathie hypertrophique, des lesions valvulaires graves, ou encore une cardiopathie congenitale. Les interventions vasculaires au niveau de I’aorte, les traumatismes contondants et les greffes hépatiques sont quelques exemples d’interventions dans lesquelles l’ETO pourrait être utile. L’examen d’ETO permet non seulement d’évaluer la volémie et la fonction ventriculaire, de poser un diagnostic préliminaire de pathologie valvulaire et de tamponnade péricardique, mais aussi d’executer un monitorage precis du debit cardiaque, de la réponse au traitement, et de l’impact des manipulations chirurgicales en cours. Chez les patients manifestant une instabilité: hemodynamique inexpliquee et inattendue, une « ETO de sauvetage » peut etre utilisee pour aider le medecin a en trouver la cause sous-jacente. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S6"> <!-- named anchor --> </a>Conclusion <p id="P6">L’ETO périopératoire émerge en tant qu’outil de choix pour prendre en charge l’hémodynamie en cas d’interventions á risque élevé ainsi que les patients présentant des risques élevés et subissant une chirurgie non cardiaque. Un protocole d’examen d’ETO ciblé de sauvetage peut être utile pour identifier rapidement l’étiologie d’une instability; hemodynamique. </p> </div>

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          To investigate the effect of a restricted intravenous fluid regimen versus a standard regimen on complications after colorectal resection. Current fluid administration in major surgery causes a weight increase of 3-6 kg. Complications after colorectal surgery are reported in up to 68% of patients. Associations between postoperative weight gain and poor survival as well as fluid overload and complications have been shown. We did a randomized observer-blinded multicenter trial. After informed consent was obtained, 172 patients were allocated to either a restricted or a standard intraoperative and postoperative intravenous fluid regimen. The restricted regimen aimed at maintaining preoperative body weight; the standard regimen resembled everyday practice. The primary outcome measures were complications; the secondary measures were death and adverse effects. The restricted intravenous fluid regimen significantly reduced postoperative complications both by intention-to-treat (33% versus 51%, P = 0.013) and per-protocol (30% versus 56%, P = 0.003) analyses. The numbers of both cardiopulmonary (7% versus 24%, P = 0.007) and tissue-healing complications (16% versus 31%, P = 0.04) were significantly reduced. No patients died in the restricted group compared with 4 deaths in the standard group (0% versus 4.7%, P = 0.12). No harmful adverse effects were observed. The restricted perioperative intravenous fluid regimen aiming at unchanged body weight reduces complications after elective colorectal resection.
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              The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy.

              To investigate whether the respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter (DeltaD(IVC)) could be related to fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Prospective clinical study. Medical ICU of a non-university hospital. Mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock (n=39). Volume loading with 8 mL/kg of 6% hydroxyethylstarch over 20 min. Cardiac output and DeltaD(IVC) were assessed by echography before and immediately after the standardized volume load. Volume loading induced an increase in cardiac output from 5.7+/-2.0 to 6.4+/-1.9 L/min (P or =15% (responders). Before volume loading, the DeltaD(IVC) was greater in responders than in non-responders (25+/-15 vs 6+/-4%, P<0.001), closely correlated with the increase in cardiac output (r=0.82, P<0.001), and a 12% DeltaD(IVC) cut-off value allowed identification of responders with positive and negative predictive values of 93% and 92%, respectively. Analysis of DeltaD(IVC) is a simple and non-invasive method to detect fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
                Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth
                Springer Nature
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                April 2018
                November 17 2017
                April 2018
                : 65
                : 4
                : 381-398
                Article
                10.1007/s12630-017-1017-7
                6071868
                29150779
                cdeecb73-fd72-49ba-bcbf-5dd11b62d244
                © 2018

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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