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      Yang’s Classification of Juvenile TMJ Anterior Disc Displacement Contributing to Treatment protocols

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          Abstract

          This study aims to establish a new staging system of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement (ADD) and evaluate its role in guiding the treatment plan. A consecutive sample of 522 juvenile patients (780 joints) diagnosed as ADD based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was included and analyzed. 674 joints received TMJ treatments according to our staging system, while 106 joints rejected any treatment; only for follow-up. The outcomes were judged according to our success criteria. The prognosis of our staging system was also evaluated in comparison to Wilkes classification. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that significant stratifications of the ameliorative rate were found at all subgroups within any two stages in our staging system, except for subgroups between stages 0 and 1, stages 2 and 3, and stages 3 and 4. After analyzing the interactions between different candidate prognostic factors in a Cox model, the relative risks of deterioration of ADD included treatment methods (HR = 42.94, P < 0.0001), disease course (HR = 0.98, P = 0.0019), stages of ADD (HR = 3.81, 9.62, 12.14, P = 0.016, 0.000,0.000 respectively for stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4) and the interaction between ADD stages and treatment methods. The C index of this model was 0.87. The new staging system of TMJ ADD appears reliable, and benefits to making treatment planning and predicting the prognosis.

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          Most cited references35

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          Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. Pathological variations.

          A retrospective analysis of 540 operated cases (740 joints) of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint was carried out. Observations of this patient population provided the basis for describing pathological variations of internal derangements. Radiologic studies, including tomograms and arthrograms or magnetic resonance scans, and surgical/pathological findings were correlated with clinical data in each case. It was found that clinical manifestations varied in a characteristic way and were directly related to the degree of pathological change and time course. Various stages of internal derangements were identified. Pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the observed changes, as well as clinical signs and symptoms and causal factors, were discussed. Internal derangements are organic lesions that appear to be progressive and are probably of traumatic origin. The view is given that internal derangements represent the basic pathological entity responsible for clinical manifestations of what has been known as the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome or similarly described conditions. Effective clinical management takes on new importance because progression to advanced degenerative states may occur.
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            Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement.

            Progressive condylar resorption is an irreversible complication and a factor in the development of late skeletal relapse after orthognathic surgery. We have evaluated cephalometric characteristics, signs and symptoms in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and surgical factors in six patients (one man and five women) who developed it after orthognathic surgery. The findings in preoperative cephalograms indicated that the patients had clockwise rotation of the mandible and retrognathism because of a small SNB angle, a wide mandibular plane angle, and a "minus" value for inclination of the ramus. There were erosions or deformities of the condyles, or both, on three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) taken before treatment. The mean (SD) anterior movement of the mandible at operation was 12.1 (3.9)mm and the mean relapse was -6.4 (2.5)mm. The mean change in posterior facial height was 4.5 (2.1)mm at operation and the mean relapse was -5.3 (1.8)mm. Two patients had click, or pain, or both, preoperatively. The click disappeared in one patient postoperatively, but one of the patients who had been symptom-free developed crepitus postoperatively. In the classified resorption pattern, posterior-superior bone loss was seen in three cases, anterior-superior bone loss in two, and superior bone loss in one. Progressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery is multifactorial, and some of the risk factors are inter-related. Patients with clockwise rotation of the mandible and retrognathism in preoperative cephalograms; erosion, or deformity of the condyle, or both, on preoperative CT; and wide mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation of the mandibular proximal segment at operation, seemed to be at risk. The mandible should therefore be advanced only when the condyles are stable on radiographs, and careful attention should be paid to postoperative mechanical loading on the TMJ in high-risk patients. Copyright © 2011 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Changes in disc position, disc length, and condylar height in the temporomandibular joint with anterior disc displacement: a longitudinal retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

              To quantitatively assess the changes in disc position relative to the condyle, disc length, and condylar height, with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint who had received no treatment, to provide useful information regarding treatment planning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                zhangshanyong@126.com
                yangchi63@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                4 April 2019
                4 April 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 5644
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0368 8293, GRID grid.16821.3c, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, ; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, GRID grid.7155.6, Department of Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, , Alexandria University, ; Alexandria, Egypt
                Article
                42081
                10.1038/s41598-019-42081-5
                6449509
                30948761
                cdf2bada-4c29-4f43-8b17-95f9c9d76221
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 6 June 2018
                : 22 March 2019
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