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      Insecticide Resistance in Fleas

      review-article
      Author(s):
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Insects
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: Ctenocephalides felis felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans, Xenospylla cheopis

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          Abstract

          Fleas are the major ectoparasite of cats, dogs, and rodents worldwide and potential vectors of animal diseases. In the past two decades the majority of new control treatments have been either topically applied or orally administered to the host. Most reports concerning the development of insecticide resistance deal with the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis. Historically, insecticide resistance has developed to many of the insecticides used to control fleas in the environment including carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Product failures have been reported with some of the new topical treatments, but actual resistance has not yet been demonstrated. Failures have often been attributed to operational factors such as failure to adequately treat the pet and follow label directions. With the addition of so many new chemistries additional monitoring of flea populations is needed.

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          Discovery and mode of action of afoxolaner, a new isoxazoline parasiticide for dogs.

          William E. Schroeder, Sven B. Gould, Eric Hartline … (2014)
          Afoxolaner is an isoxazoline compound characterized by a good safety profile and extended effectiveness against fleas and ticks on dogs following a single oral administration. In vitro membrane feeding assay data and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in dogs established an afoxolaner blood concentration of 0.1-0.2 μg/ml to be effective against both fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and ticks (Dermacentor variabilis). Pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs following a 2.5mg/kg oral dosage demonstrated uniform and predictable afoxolaner plasma concentrations above threshold levels required for efficacy for more than one month. Dose ranging and a 5-month multi-dose experimental study in dogs, established that the 2.5mg/kg oral dosage was highly effective against fleas and ticks, and produced predictable and reproducible pharmacokinetics following repeated dosing. Mode of action studies showed that afoxolaner blocked native and expressed insect GABA-gated chloride channels with nanomolar potency. Afoxolaner has comparable potency between wild type channels and channels possessing the A302S (resistance-to-dieldrin) mutation. Lack of cyclodiene cross-resistance for afoxolaner was confirmed in comparative Drosophila toxicity studies, and it is concluded that afoxolaner blocked GABA-gated chloride channels via a site distinct from the cyclodienes. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Biology, treatment, and control of flea and tick infestations.

            Byron L Blagburn, Michael Dryden (2009)
            Flea and tick infestations are common and elimination can be expensive and time consuming. Many advances in control of fleas can be directly linked to improved knowledge of the intricacies of flea host associations, reproduction, and survival in the premises. Understanding tick biology and ecology is far more difficult than with fleas, because North America can have up to 9 different tick species infesting cats and dogs compared to 1 primary flea species. Effective tick control is more difficult to achieve than effective flea control, because of the abundance of potential alternative hosts in the tick life cycle. Many effective host-targeted tick control agents exist, several of which also possess activity against adult or immature fleas and other parasites.
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              Insecticide and acaricide molecules and/or combinations to prevent pet infestation by ectoparasites.

              Frédéric Beugnet, Michel Franc (2012)
              External antiparasitic drugs used in cats and dogs have evolved in terms of active ingredients but also regarding formulations. Old chemical groups have been supplanted by phenylpyrazoles, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, spinosyns or others which are entering the veterinary market. In addition to insecticides-acaricides, insect and mite growth inhibitors (IGRs) have emerged. These IGRs are used in animals or in the environment, either alone or in combination with insecticides-acaricides. The notion of antiparasitic treatment has evolved to the concept of prevention of ectoparasite infestation but also of transmitted diseases through the introduction of formulations providing long-lasting activity. At the same time, ease-of-use has been improved with the development of spot-on formulations. Progress has also been achieved through the development of antiparasitic drugs providing control of both external and internal parasites. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Changlu Wang: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Insects
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Insects
                Journal ID (publisher-id): insects
                Title: Insects
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4450
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 March 2016
                Publication date Collection: March 2016
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10
                Affiliations
                Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; michael.rust@ 123456ucr.edu ; Tel.: +1-951-827-5327
                Article
                Publisher ID: insects-07-00010
                DOI: 10.3390/insects7010010
                PMC ID: 4808790
                PubMed ID: 26999217
                SO-VID: ce0c7cac-4344-4075-a7e5-87056f676c3c
                Copyright © © 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 January 2016
                Date accepted : 10 March 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: ctenocephalides felis felis,ctenocephalides canis,pulex irritans,xenospylla cheopis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ctenocephalides felis felis, ctenocephalides canis, pulex irritans, xenospylla cheopis

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