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      Economía del agua de especies arbustivas de las Estepas Patagónicas Translated title: Water economy of woody species from the Patagonian steppes

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          Abstract

          La vegetación de la estepa patagónica está expuesta a una baja disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes, a bajas temperaturas, y elevadas velocidades y frecuencia de vientos. Estos factores físicos determinan la estructura y el funcionamiento del ecosistema y las características morfo-fisiológicas de sus especies. En esta revisión se presenta información ya publicada y nuevos resultados del efecto de la dinámica espacio-temporal del agua del suelo, sobre el estado hídrico, y características de la arquitectura hidráulica de 10 especies arbustivas dominantes que abarcan un rango de profundidades de enraizamiento desde los 50 cm hasta más de 200 cm. La dinámica del agua del suelo indica la existencia de un aumento de la disponibilidad de agua con la profundidad y un aumento durante el invierno. Las especies leñosas cuyas raíces acceden a fuentes de agua más estables, como Schinus johnstonii Barkley y Berberis heterophylla Jussieu Lam, tienen potenciales hídricos foliares mínimos menos negativos, pero sus sistemas de transporte de agua son menos eficientes (menor conductividad hidráulica específica) que las especies con sistemas radicales más superficiales, como Senecio filaginoides De Candolle y Mulinum spinosum (Cav.) Pers. Las características hidráulicas de las especies con raíces profundas y el acceso a horizontes más húmedos del suelo podrían limitar la velocidad de respuesta de estas especies a los pulsos de lluvia que ocurren durante el verano. A pesar de que la eficiencia de uso de agua tanto intrínseca como integrada en el tiempo y la tasas de fotosíntesis por unidad de biomasa tienden a ser mayores en las especies con raíces profundas y con mayor disponibilidad de agua, su menor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, mayor densidad de madera y los elevados gradientes de potencial hídrico entre el suelo y las hojas sugieren que estas especies tendrían tasas de crecimiento bajas pero mantenidas por un período mayor a lo largo del año. Se presentan algunas preguntas para estudios adicionales, como por ejemplo por qué las plantas con sistemas radicales profundos no hacen un mayor uso del agua disponible en profundidad.

          Translated abstract

          The vegetation of the Patagonian steppe is exposed to low soil water and nutrient availability, low temperatures and strong and frequent winds. These factors determine the structure and functioning of the steppe and influence the morpho-physiological traits of species. This review emphasizes the effects of soil water spatial-temporal dynamics on plant water status and on the hydraulic architecturse of 10 woody species with rooting depths ranging from 50 to 200 cm. Soil water availability in the Patagonian steppe increases with depth and with increasing rainfall during the winter. Species with deep roots exploring dependable soil water sources such as Schinus johnstonii Barkley and Berberis heterophylla Jussieu Lam have less negative minimum leaf water potentials and lower water transport efficiency (low specific hydraulic conductivity) than species with shallow root systems such as Senecio filaginoides De Candolle and Mulinum spinosum (Cav.) Pers. Hydraulic characteristics of species with deep roots taping deeper water sources could limit the response to summer rainfall pulses. Despite that intrisic and time-integrated water use efficiency and leafmass-based photosynthesis rates are highest in species with deep root systems, their low hydraulic capacity, dense wood, and large soil-to-leaf water potential gradients, suggest that these species have relatively low growth rates which can be sustained over relatively long periods. Questions for future studies are suggested, including why species with deep roots are only using a portion of the water resources of moist soil layers.

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          A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes

          Understanding and predicting ecosystem functioning (e.g., carbon and water fluxes) and the role of soils in carbon storage requires an accurate assessment of plant rooting distributions. Here, in a comprehensive literature synthesis, we analyze rooting patterns for terrestrial biomes and compare distributions for various plant functional groups. We compiled a database of 250 root studies, subdividing suitable results into 11 biomes, and fitted the depth coefficient β to the data for each biome (Gale and Grigal 1987). β is a simple numerical index of rooting distribution based on the asymptotic equation Y=1-βd, where d = depth and Y = the proportion of roots from the surface to depth d. High values of β correspond to a greater proportion of roots with depth. Tundra, boreal forest, and temperate grasslands showed the shallowest rooting profiles (β=0.913, 0.943, and 0.943, respectively), with 80-90% of roots in the top 30 cm of soil; deserts and temperate coniferous forests showed the deepest profiles (β=0.975 and 0.976, respectively) and had only 50% of their roots in the upper 30 cm. Standing root biomass varied by over an order of magnitude across biomes, from approximately 0.2 to 5 kg m-2. Tropical evergreen forests had the highest root biomass (5 kg m-2), but other forest biomes and sclerophyllous shrublands were of similar magnitude. Root biomass for croplands, deserts, tundra and grasslands was below 1.5 kg m-2. Root/shoot (R/S) ratios were highest for tundra, grasslands, and cold deserts (ranging from 4 to 7); forest ecosystems and croplands had the lowest R/S ratios (approximately 0.1 to 0.5). Comparing data across biomes for plant functional groups, grasses had 44% of their roots in the top 10 cm of soil. (β=0.952), while shrubs had only 21% in the same depth increment (β=0.978). The rooting distribution of all temperate and tropical trees was β=0.970 with 26% of roots in the top 10 cm and 60% in the top 30 cm. Overall, the globally averaged root distribution for all ecosystems was β=0.966 (r 2=0.89) with approximately 30%, 50%, and 75% of roots in the top 10 cm, 20 cm, and 40 cm, respectively. We discuss the merits and possible shortcomings of our analysis in the context of root biomass and root functioning.
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            Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale

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              Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ecoaus
                Ecología austral
                Ecol. austral
                Asociación Argentina de Ecología (Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina )
                1667-782X
                April 2011
                : 21
                : 1
                : 43-60
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameCONICET Argentina
                [02] Comodoro Rivadavia orgnameUniversidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales orgdiv2Departamento de Biología Argentina
                [03] Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1FCEyN orgdiv2Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Argentina
                [04] Florida orgnameUniversity of Miami orgdiv1Department of Biology USA
                Article
                S1667-782X2011000100005
                ce0e914b-df3e-4ccb-9587-4fd6e1f749e4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 January 2011
                : 23 February 2011
                : 05 August 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 93, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Soil water content,wood density,Patagonia Occidental District,Hydraulic efficiency,Soil and leaf water potential,Rooting depth,Contenido de agua del suelo,Densidad de madera,Distrito Occidental de la Patagonia,Eficiencia hidráulica,Potencial hídrico del suelo y foliar,Profundidad de sistemas radicales

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