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      Acute Renal Failure with Severe Loin Pain and Patchy Renal Vasoconstriction in a Patient without Hypouricemia, Provoked by Epileptic Seizure

      case-report

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          Abstract

          A 26-year-old Japanese man without hypouricemia and with 3 previous episodes of seizures concurrent with acute kidney injury (AKI) was admitted due to an epileptic seizure, lower back pain and AKI. His creatinine kinase levels were slightly elevated. Patchy renal ischemia on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and persistent residual contrast medium was observed, consistent with acute renal failure with severe loin pain and patchy renal ischemia after anaerobic exercise (ALPE). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) demonstrated signal changes in the corresponding area. ALPE should be considered a cause of AKI following seizures. We recommend DWI as an alternative diagnostic modality.

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          Most cited references22

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          Pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic review.

          Urinary tract infections are the most common urologic disease in the United States and annually account for over 7 million office and 1 million emergency department visits. In adults, diagnosis of urinary tract infection is typically based on characteristic clinical features and abnormal laboratory values. Imaging is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to therapy and for those whose clinical presentation is either atypical or potentially life threatening. Urinary tract infection typically originates in the urinary bladder; when it migrates to the kidney or is seeded there hematogenously, a tubulointerstitial inflammatory reaction ensues, involving the renal pelvis and parenchyma. The condition is characterized as pyelonephritis. Complicated and uncomplicated pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and tuberculosis are all urinary tract infections for which imaging evaluation adds diagnostic information important for patient care. Computed tomography (CT), when performed before, immediately after, and at delayed intervals from contrast material injection, is the preferred modality for evaluating acute bacterial pyelonephritis. CT is also preferred over conventional radiography and ultrasonography (US) for assessing emphysematous pyelonephritis. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous process, induced by recurrent bacterial urinary tract infection. Although US is useful in the diagnosis of this condition, CT is the main imaging tool, as it provides highly specific findings and accurate assessment of the extrarenal extent of disease, which is essential for surgical planning. The increasing prevalence of tuberculosis and continued emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains have significance for genitourinary radiologists, as the urinary tract is the most common extrapulmonary site of tuberculosis. Familiarity with the renal manifestations of the disease--pelvoinfundibular strictures, papillary necrosis, cortical low-attenuation masses, scarring, and calcification--will help in the diagnosis, even in the absence of documented pulmonary disease.
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            Exercise-induced acute renal failure associated with renal hypouricaemia: results of a questionnaire-based survey in Japan.

            A retrospective investigation was conducted to define the clinical features of exercise-induced acute renal failure (ARF) associated with renal hypouricaemia with the aim of clarifying further the clinical features of the disease entity. A questionnaire was mailed to 43 institutions in Japan that had experienced case(s) of exercise-induced ARF associated with renal hypouricaemia. Fifty-four patients (48 males and six females) were identified from 38 institutions. Median age at the first episode of ARF was 17 years (range 11-46). The maximal serum uric acid and creatinine levels were 4.40+/-2.49 (range 0.4-13.3) and 5.45+/-3.33 mg/dl (range 1.10-17.7), respectively. The serum uric acid level after recovery was 0.70+/-0.25 mg/dl (range 0.1-1.4). The short-term prognosis seemed to be good and histological findings in 28 patients showed minimal change or acute tubular necrosis except for one patient with chronic lesions. ARF episodes occurred predominantly in September, October and May, mostly after strenuous exercise such as a short-distance race. The first symptoms were nausea/vomiting in 51 episodes, loin pain in 35, abdominal pain in 22, general fatigue in 16 and low-grade fever in seven. Thirteen patients (24.1%) experienced recurrent ARF at various intervals. Univariate and multivariate analyses failed to demonstrate any risk factor of ARF recurrence, although no female patients experienced ARF recurrence. The reason for the heterogeneity in ARF associated with renal hypouricaemia remains unknown. Further studies, especially on molecular mechanisms, are required to establish the best guidance against ARF recurrence.
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              Diffusion and perfusion of the kidney.

              MRI of the kidney currently makes the transition from depiction of morphology to assessment of function. Functional renal imaging methods provide information on diffusion and perfusion on a microstructural level. This review article presents the current status of functional renal imaging with focus on DWI (diffusion-weighted imaging) and DCE-MRI (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI), as well as BOLD (blood-oxygenation level dependent) MRI, DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) and arterial spin labeling (ASL). Technical background of these techniques is explained and clinical assessment of renal function, parenchymal disease, transplant function and solid masses is discussed. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Intern Med
                Intern. Med
                Internal Medicine
                The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
                0918-2918
                1349-7235
                1 August 2017
                : 56
                : 15
                : 2001-2005
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nephrology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
                Author notes

                Correspondence to Dr. Yasuhiko Ito, yasuito@ 123456med.nagoya-u.ac.jp

                Article
                10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8328
                5577077
                28768971
                ce286ac7-15c0-4d1e-91c7-d772d89f2667
                Copyright © 2017 by The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

                The Internal Medicine is an Open Access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view the details of this license, please visit ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 30 September 2016
                : 8 November 2016
                Categories
                Case Report

                acute kidney injury (aki),seizure,persistent nephrogram,patchy renal ischemia,acute renal failure with severe loin pain and patchy renal ischemia after anaerobic exercise (alpe),diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi)

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