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      Research Progress on Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaloids from Chinese Medical Herbs

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          Abstract

          As the spectrum of diseases keeps changing and life pace keeps going faster, the probability and frequency of diseases caused by human inflammatory reactions also keep increasing. How to develop effective anti-inflammatory drugs has become the hotspot of researches. It has been found that alkaloids from Chinese medical herbs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, anticonvulsant, diuretic, and antiarrhythmic effects, among which the anti-inflammatory effect is very prominent and commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other rheumatic immune diseases, but its mechanism of action has not been well explained. Based on this, this paper will classify alkaloids according to structural types and review the plant sources, applicable diseases, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 16 kinds of alkaloids commonly used in clinical treatment, such as berberine, tetrandrine, and stephanine, with the aim of providing a reference for drug researches and clinical applications.

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          Tetrandrine--A molecule of wide bioactivity.

          N Bhagya, K R Chandrashekar (2016)
          Stephania tetrandra and other related species of Menispermaceae form the major source of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid - tetrandrine. The plant is extensively referenced in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for its use in the Chinese medicinal system as an analgesic and diuretic agent and also in the treatment of hypertension and various other ailments, including asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycemia, malaria, cancer and fever. Tetrandrine, well-known to act as a calcium channel blocker, has been tested in clinical trials and found effective against silicosis, hypertension, inflammation and lung cancer without any toxicity. Recently, the efficacy of tetrandrine was tested against Mycobaterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, Plasmodium falciparum and Ebola virus. Tetrandrine's pharmacological property has been proved to be through its action on different signalling pathways like reactive oxygen species, enhanced autophagic flux, reversal of multi drug resistance, caspase pathway, cell cycle arrest and by modification of calcium channels. The present review summarises current knowledge on the synthesis, distribution, extraction, structural elucidation, pharmacological properties and the mechanism of action of tetrandrine. Future perspectives in the clinical use of tetrandrine as a drug are also considered.
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            Berberine inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome pathway in human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell

            Mingjiang Yao, Xiaodi Fan, Bo Yuan … (2019)
            Background Breast cancer is still the most common malignant tumor that threatens the female’s life in the world, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), one of the most difficult subtypes. Lack of targeted therapies brings about urgent demand for novel treatments. In this study we aim to investigate the anti-tumor activity of Berberine (BBR), a Chinese plant-derived alkaloid, against the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 and elucidate its mechanism referring to anti-inflammation. Methods Cell inhibition rate was measured by Cell Proliferation Assay, the cytotoxic effects was detected by Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, the colony formation and migration potential were evaluated by colony formation assay and wound healing assay, the release of inflammatory cytokines was detected by EMD multifactor detection, and alterations of proteins and genes related to the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway were analyzed using western blotting and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results BBR reduce the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells and increased the release of LDH from the cells in a dose-dependent manner, with and inhibition of colony formation potential and migration of the cells. BBR also caused a marked reduction in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Besides, a down-regulated behavior was observed with the expression of P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7), NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activation and recruitment domain (ASC), caspase-1 p20, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-1β proteins and NLRP3, Caspase-1 and ASC mRNAs in the NLRP3 inflammasome cascade. Conclusions Our results confirmed that BBR can effectively affect both tumor outgrowth and spontaneous metastasis in TNBC, and that we identified a new mechanism associated with inhibition the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, suggesting its potential therapeutic relevance in clinical use.
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              Aloperine induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

              Jun-Shan Liu, Chu-Ying Huo, Hui-Hui Cao … (2019)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xin Liu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-3460
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 March 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1303524
                Affiliations
                1School of Pharmacy, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
                2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
                Author notes

                Guest Editor: Tae Jin lee

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-6645
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-3460
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/1303524
                PMC ID: 7104124
                PubMed ID: 32256634
                SO-VID: ce600f04-1039-4045-9ebc-cdbe488ea972
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Sicong Li et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 8 January 2020
                Date accepted : 17 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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