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      Anestesia regional intravenosa primeiro centenário (1908-2008): Início, desenvolvimento e estado atual Translated title: Intravenous regional anesthesia first century (1908-2008): Beggining, development, and current status Translated title: A anestesia regional intravenosa primer centenario (1908-2008): Inicio, desarrollo y estado actual

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia regional intravenosa completa neste ano de 2008 um século de existência. Sendo técnica anestésica amplamente utilizada, justifica-se recordar o fato, comemorar a data, lembrar aos anestesiologistas brasileiros o processo evolutivo pelo qual ela passou, sobretudo nos últimos 40 anos, e prestar um tributo àquele que a iniciou: August Karl Gustav Bier. CONTEÚDO: O texto relata a origem da anestesia locorregional em geral e da anestesia regional intravenosa em particular, desde a introdução do garroteamento de membros e da descoberta e do aperfeiçoamento das agulhas de punção, das seringas e dos anestésicos locais. São descritos os detalhes técnicos inicialmente utilizados por Bier e os conceitos fisiopatológicos e clínicos por ele emitidos em princípios do século XX. Retrata a evolução inicial e das décadas seguintes da anestesia regional intravenosa, cita os pioneiros nacionais e internacionais no seu uso, explica as razões do seu estudo científico relativamente tardio, descreve as principais contribuições havidas até hoje para sua utilização eficiente e segura. Finalmente, narra o estado atual dos principais conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do tempo, como mecanismo e local de ação do anestésico e da isquemia, uso de soluções anestésicas modernas, aperfeiçoamento da analgesia pós-operatória e do bloqueio motor, conceitos farmacocinéticos e fisiopatológicos e melhor interpretação das principais complicações possíveis. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia regional intravenosa é técnica anestésica criada por A.K.G. Bier há exatamente 100 anos. Evoluiu pouco e lentamente na primeira metade do século XX e muito nos últimos anos, graças a numerosos desenvolvimentos técnicos, fisiopatológicos, farmacológicos, farmacocinéticos e clínicos, para o que a Anestesiologia brasileira deu grande contribuição. Completando neste ano de 2008 seu primeiro centenário, a anestesia regional intravenosa merece ter sua história conhecida e a data não pode passar despercebida e sim ser lembrada e comemorada.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous regional block is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2008. Since this is a widely used technique, this milestone should be recorded, the date celebrated, Brazilian anesthesiologists should be remembered of its evolutive process, especially in the last 40 years, and we should pay homage to the individual who started it: August Karl Gustav Bier. CONTENTS: This report describes the beginning of locoregional anesthesia in general and regional intravenous block in particular, since the introduction of garroting of the extremities to the discovery and improvement of needles, syringes, and local anesthetics. The technical details used initially by Bier, and the pathophysiological and clinical concepts enounced by him at the beginning of the 20th Century are described. It describes the initial evolution and that of the following decades of intravenous regional block, lists national and international pioneers, explains the reasons for the relatively late scientific studies on the technique, and describes the main contributions that made it an effective and safe technique. Finally, it describes the current state of the main knowledge acquired over the years, such as the mechanism and site of action of the anesthetic and ischemia, the use of modern anesthetic solutions, improvement of postoperative analgesia and motor block, pharmacokinetic and pathophysiological concepts, and the best interpretation of possible complications. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous regional block is the anesthetic technique created by A. K. G. Bier exactly 100 years ago. In the first half of the 20th Century, it evolved little and slowly, but in the last several years, it has seen an accentuated improvement, thanks to countless technical, pathophysiological, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical developments, for which Brazilian Anesthesiology has contributed considerably. Since it is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2008, intravenous regional block deserves to have its story told, and the date should not go unnoticed, but should be remembered and celebrated.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia regional intravenosa completa este año en 2008 un siglo de existencia. Siendo una técnica anestésica ampliamente utilizada, se justifica recordar el hecho, festejar la fecha, recordarle a los anestesiólogos brasileños el proceso evolutivo por el cual ella ha pasado, principalmente en los últimos 40 años, y prestarle un homenaje a aquel que la inició: August Karl Gustav Bier. CONTENIDO: El texto relata el origen de la anestesia locorregional en general y de la anestesia regional intravenosa en particular, desde la introducción del torniquete de miembros y del descubrimiento y del perfeccionamiento de las agujas de punción, de las jeringuillas y de los anestésicos locales. Se describen los detalles técnicos inicialmente utilizados por Bier y los conceptos fisiopatológicos y clínicos por él emitidos a principios del siglo XX. Retrata la evolución inicial y de las décadas siguientes de la anestesia regional intravenosa, cita los pioneros nacionales e internacionales que la usaron, explica las razones de su relativamente tardío estudio científico, describe los principales aportes que hasta hoy existen para su utilización eficiente y segura. Finalmente, narra el estado actual de los principales conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo del tiempo, como el mecanismo e el local de acción del anestésico y de la isquemia, uso de soluciones anestésicas modernas, perfeccionamiento de la analgesia postoperatoria y del bloqueo motor, conceptos farmacocinéticos y fisiopatológicos y una mejor interpretación de las posibles principales complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La anestesia regional intravenosa es una técnica anestésica creada por A. K. G. Bier hace exactamente 100 años. Evolucionó lentamente y bastante poco en la primera mitad del siglo XX y mucho en los últimos años, gracias a innumerables desarrollos técnicos, fisiopatológicos, farmacológicos, farmacocinéticos y clínicos, para lo que la Anestesiología brasileña dio un gran aporte. Completando este año en 2008 su primer centenario, la anestesia regional intravenosa merece tener su historia conocida y la fecha no puede pasar desapercibida sino que debe ser recordada y festejada.

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          Most cited references154

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              Tourniquet pain in a volunteer study: effect of changes in cuff width and pressure.

              This study examines the relationship between pneumatic tourniquet cuff size, occlusion pressure and the resulting pain. Two tourniquet cuff widths were used, a wide (14 cm) and a narrow cuff (7 cm). Twenty volunteers were divided into two groups for tourniquet application: a pressure group in which the tourniquet was inflated to a pressure equal to the systolic pressure + 100 mmHg, and a saturation group in which the tourniquet was inflated to 10 mmHg above the loss of arterial pulse, as indicated by cessation of pulse waveform on an oximeter. According to a randomised cross-over protocol, subjects were studied using wide and narrow cuffs simultaneously and/or successively on both arms. Pain was assessed by subjects by means of a visual analogue score (0-10 cm). Occlusion pressures were similar for all volunteers in the pressure group and significantly higher than those in the saturation group with both the wide and narrow tourniquets. The wide cuff data turned out to be significantly lower than the narrow cuff results. Subjects in the pressure group could tolerate pain with the narrow cuff for significantly longer than with the wide cuff. However, in the saturation group, volunteers tolerated the wide cuff for longer. Pain intensity increased more rapidly in those in the pressure group with the wide cuff than with the narrow cuff. In contrast, volunteers in the saturation group found the narrow cuff to be more painful than the wide cuff. In conclusion, this study has shown that a wide tourniquet cuff is less painful than a narrow cuff if inflated at lower pressures and at these lower pressures it is still effective at occluding blood flow.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                June 2008
                : 58
                : 3
                : 299-322
                Article
                S0034-70942008000300013
                10.1590/S0034-70942008000300013
                ce7b487a-04b7-4725-a949-039d381d82c6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                ANESTHESIA, Regional,ANESTHESIOLOGY,ANESTESIA, Regional,ANESTESIOLOGIA

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