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      Cross‐country comparison of proportion of alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions using the International Alcohol Control Study

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          Abstract

          Introduction and Aims

          This study examines the proportion of alcohol markets consumed in harmful drinking occasions in a range of high‐, middle‐income countries and assesses the implications of these findings for conflict of interest between alcohol producers and public health and the appropriate role of the alcohol industry in alcohol policy space.

          Design and Methods

          Cross‐sectional surveys were conducted in 10 countries as part of the International Alcohol Control study. Alcohol consumption was measured using location‐ and beverage‐specific measures. A level of consumption defined as harmful use of alcohol was chosen and the proportion of the total market consumed in these drinking occasions was calculated for both commercial and informal alcohol.

          Results

          In all countries, sizeable proportions of the alcohol market were consumed during harmful drinking occasions. In general, a higher proportion of alcohol was consumed in harmful drinking occasions by respondents in the middle‐income countries than respondents in the high‐income countries. The proportion of informal alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions was lower than commercial alcohol.

          Discussion and Conclusions

          Informal alcohol is less likely to be consumed in harmful drinking occasions compared with commercial alcohol. The proportion of commercial alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions in a range of alcohol markets shows the reliance of the transnational alcohol corporations on harmful alcohol use. This reliance underpins industry lobbying against effective policy and support for ineffective approaches. The conflict of interest between the alcohol industry and public health requires their exclusion from the alcohol policy space.

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          The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update

          Jürgen Rehm, Gerhard E Gmel, Gerrit Gmel … (2017)
          Abstract Background and aims Alcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes to be used in global and national Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs). Methods Systematic review of reviews and meta‐analyses on alcohol consumption and health outcomes attributable to alcohol use. For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, blood alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. For liver cirrhosis, quality of alcohol was additionally considered. For all outcomes (mortality and/or morbidity): cause of death and disease/injury categories based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used in global CRAs; harm to others. Results In total, 255 reviews and meta‐analyses were identified. Alcohol use was found to be linked causally to many disease and injury categories, with more than 40 ICD‐10 three‐digit categories being fully attributable to alcohol. Most partially attributable disease categories showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischaemic diseases and diabetes, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways suggest an impact of heavy drinking occasions on additional diseases; however, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in‐depth analysis. For injuries, except suicide, blood alcohol concentration was the most important dimension of alcohol use. Alcohol use caused marked harm to others, which has not yet been researched sufficiently. Conclusions Research since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered. Epidemiological studies should include measurement of heavy drinking occasions in line with biological knowledge.
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            The commercial determinants of health

            Ilona Kickbusch, Luke Allen, Christian Franz (2016)
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              Alcohol and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review.

              Heather Foran, K O'Leary (2008)
              The link between alcohol use/abuse and partner violence attracted increasing research attention in the past decade. Some studies reported a null or weak association between alcohol use and intimate partner violence, whereas other studies reported a moderate or large association. Using a meta-analytic approach, the link between alcohol use/abuse and male-to-female partner violence as well as female-to-male partner violence was examined herein. The results indicate that there is a small to moderate effect size for the association between alcohol use/abuse and male-to-female partner violence and a small effect size for the association between alcohol use/abuse and female-to-male partner violence. For men only, several moderators were also examined and the magnitude of the effect sizes varied significantly as a function of the type of sample and type of alcohol measure selected. Specifically, there was a larger association of alcohol and aggression in clinical versus non-clinical samples and when measures assessed more severe alcohol problems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sally Casswell:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2211-7096
                s.casswell@massey.ac.nz
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Alcohol Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Alcohol Rev
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1465-3362
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DAR
                Title: Drug and Alcohol Review
                Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd (Melbourne )
                ISSN (Print): 0959-5236
                ISSN (Electronic): 1465-3362
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 February 2018
                Publication date (Print): August 2018
                Volume: 37
                Issue: Suppl Suppl 2 , International Alcohol Control Study ( doiID: 10.1111/dar.2018.37.issue-S2 )
                Pages: S45-S52
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Center for Injury Policy and Prevention Research Hanoi University of Public Health Hanoi Vietnam
                [ 2 ] SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, College of Health Massey University Auckland New Zealand
                [ 3 ] Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
                [ 4 ] Social Pharmacy Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy Mahasarakham University, Health Promotion Policy Research Center, International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health Mahasarakham Thailand
                [ 5 ] Public Health, Research, Education and External Affairs Department National Center of Mental Health of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
                [ 6 ] Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research Sheffield University Sheffield UK
                [ 7 ] Institute for Social Marketing University of Stirling Stirling UK
                [ 8 ] National Institute on Drug Abuse Lima Peru
                [ 9 ] National Council on Drug Abuse Prevention Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
                [ 10 ] Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa
                [ 11 ] Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence to Professor Sally Casswell, SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, PO Box 6137, Wellesley Street, Auckland 1141, New Zealand. Tel: +00 64 9 366 6136; E‐mail: s.casswell@ 123456massey.ac.nz
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2211-7096
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-9382
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-2785
                Article
                Publisher ID: DAR12665
                DOI: 10.1111/dar.12665
                PMC ID: 6120468
                PubMed ID: 29441632
                SO-VID: cea6d494-c52c-4d84-9b36-d4f15c7bc6a4
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 12 September 2017
                Date revision received : 20 December 2017
                Date accepted : 04 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 8, Words: 5623
                Funding
                Funded by: Health Promotion Agency
                Funded by: Australian National Preventive Health Agency
                Funded by: World Health Organization
                Funded by: International Health Policy Program, Thai Health
                Funded by: Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education
                Funded by: Medical Research Council (MRC) National Prevention Research Initiative
                Award ID: MR/J000523/1
                Funded by: Health Research Council of New Zealand
                Funded by: UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies
                Funded by: International Development Research Centre
                Funded by: South African Medical Research Council
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Subject: Original Papers
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id dar12665
                cover-date August 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.4.7.1 mode:remove_FC converted:03.09.2018

                Keywords: alcohol consumption,harmful drinking occasions
                Data availability:
                Keywords: alcohol consumption, harmful drinking occasions

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