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      Ingestão alimentar e balanço energético da população adulta de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Saúde (PNAFS) Translated title: Dietary intake and energy balance in the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: the Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health Survey (PNAFS)

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          Abstract

          Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar de 24 horas de um dia típico, mediu-se a massa corporal e a estatura e estimou-se o gasto energético em uma amostra probabilística de adultos de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que a ingestão energética média foi de 1.570,9 (24,1) e 2.188,8 (46,1) kcal.dia-1 para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. O gasto energético foi maior nos obesos do que nos indivíduos com massa corporal normal. O balanço energético medido (ingestão energética - gasto energético) diminuiu com o aumento do índice de massa corporal, sendo negativo (-3,2; 131 kcal.dia-1) nos homens obesos. Concluiu-se que a ingestão alimentar da população adulta de Niterói encontra-se dentro do recomendado, apesar da prevalência de pré-obesidade e obesidade ser alta. Ao se estratificar a ingestão energética pelo estado nutricional nota-se menor ingestão para os indivíduos com maior massa corporal, fato mais evidente nas mulheres (possível subestimativa da ingestão energética), o que pode ser explicado, em parte, pela superestimativa no cálculo do gasto energético ou pela omissão da ingestão energética por parte dos indivíduos.

          Translated abstract

          This study aimed to assess typical daily dietary intake and energy expenditure in a probabilistic sample of adults in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Dietary intake was measured by 24-hour dietary recall, body mass and height were measured in the household, and energy expenditure was estimated by the Flex-heart rate method. The results showed mean energy intake of 1,570.9 (24.1) and 2,188.8 (46.1) kcal.day-1 for women and men, respectively. Energy expenditure was higher in obese women and men (1,511.5±19.5 and 2,222.3±68.8 kcal.day-1, respectively) due to their higher body mass. Measured energy balance (intake - expenditure) decreased with increasing body mass index (BMI) in both women and men and was negative (-3.2; 131 kcal.day-1) in obese men. In conclusion, energy intake among adults in Niterói falls within the recommended values, despite high prevalence of overweight and obesity in women and men. Energy intake decreased with increasing body mass, indicating possible overestimation of energy expenditure. It is important to develop better estimates of energy expenditure in this population.

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          Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases.

          Shifting dietary patterns, a decline in energy expenditure associated with a sedentary lifestyle, an ageing population--together with tobacco use and alcohol consumption--are major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and pose an increasing challenge to public health. This report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation reviews the evidence on the effects of diet and nutrition on chronic diseases and makes recommendations for public health policies and strategies that encompass societal, behavioural and ecological dimensions. Although the primary aim of the Consultation was to set targets related to diet and nutrition, the importance of physical activity was also emphasized. The Consultation considered diet in the context of the macro-economic implications of public health recommendations on agriculture and the global supply and demand for fresh and processed foodstuffs. In setting out ways to decrease the burden of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (including hypertension and stroke), cancer, dental diseases and osteoporosis, this report proposes that nutrition should be placed at the forefront of public health policies and programmes. This report will be of interest to policy-makers and public health professionals alike, in a wide range of disciplines including nutrition, general medicine and gerontology. It shows how, at the population level, diet and exercise throughout the life course can reduce the threat of a global epidemic of chronic diseases.
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            Dietary patterns and their associations with obesity in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.

            To evaluate the dietary patterns of adults living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and their associations with body mass index (BMI). A survey was conducted in 1996 in a probabilistic sample of 2040 households. Weight and height were measured and food intake was based on an 80-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified through factor analysis. More than one-third of the adult population (20 to 60 years old) was overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)), and 12% were obese (BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2)). Three major dietary patterns were identified: mixed pattern when all food groups and items had about the same factor loading, except for rice and beans; one pattern that relies mainly on rice and beans, which was called a traditional diet; and a third pattern, termed a Western diet, where fat (butter and margarine) and added sugar (sodas) showed the highest positive loading and rice and beans were strong negative components. Among men, the Western diet also included deep-fried snacks and milk products with high positive values. The traditional diet was associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity in logistic models adjusted for dieting, age, leisure physical activity, and occupation (13% reduction in men and 14% reduction in women comparing the traditional and Western diets). Factors contributing to the effects of the Brazilian traditional diet may include low-energy density, high-dietary fiber content, incorporation of low glycemic index foods such as beans, or a relatively low food variety.
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              Tabela de composição dos alimentos: suporte para decisão nutricional.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4464
                May 2010
                : 26
                : 5
                : 879-890
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2010000500010
                cea7f829-a3f3-4e1b-9df6-94991716b30c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Energy Metabolism,Energy Intake,Nutritional Status,Adult,Metabolismo Energético,Ingestão de Energia,Estado Nutricional,Adulto

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