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      Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class X containing complex promotes cancer cell proliferation through suppression of EHD2 and ZIC1, putative tumor suppressors

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          Abstract

          We identified phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class X (PIGX), which plays a critical role in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor motif, to be upregulated highly and frequently in breast cancer cells. Knockdown of PIGX as well as reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) and reticulocalbin 2 (RCN2), which we found to interact with PIGX and was indicated to regulate calcium-dependent activities, significantly suppressed the growth of breast cancer cells. We also identified PIGX to be a core protein in an RCN1/PIGX/RCN2 complex. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of two putative tumor suppressor genes, Zic family member 1 (ZIC1) and EH-domain containing 2 (EHD2), were upregulated commonly in cells in which PIGX, RCN1, or RCN2 was knocked down, suggesting that this RCN1/PIGX/RCN2 complex could negatively regulate the expression of these two genes and thereby contribute to human breast carcinogenesis. Our results imply that PIGX may be a good candidate molecule for development of novel anticancer drugs for breast cancer.

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          Most cited references36

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          Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal.

          The cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics (http://cbioportal.org) provides a Web resource for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing multidimensional cancer genomics data. The portal reduces molecular profiling data from cancer tissues and cell lines into readily understandable genetic, epigenetic, gene expression, and proteomic events. The query interface combined with customized data storage enables researchers to interactively explore genetic alterations across samples, genes, and pathways and, when available in the underlying data, to link these to clinical outcomes. The portal provides graphical summaries of gene-level data from multiple platforms, network visualization and analysis, survival analysis, patient-centric queries, and software programmatic access. The intuitive Web interface of the portal makes complex cancer genomics profiles accessible to researchers and clinicians without requiring bioinformatics expertise, thus facilitating biological discoveries. Here, we provide a practical guide to the analysis and visualization features of the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics.
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            Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973-1997.

            Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer and is the leading cause of cancer death among women. To describe global trends, we compared age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates over three decades (from 1973-77 to 1993-97) and across several continents. Both breast cancer incidence and mortality rates varied 4-fold by geographic location between countries with the highest and lowest rates. Recent (1993-1997) incidence rates ranged from 27/100,000 in Asian countries to 97/100,000 among US white women. Overall, North American and northern European countries had the highest incidence rates of breast cancer; intermediate levels were reported in Western Europe, Oceania, Scandinavia, and Israel; and Eastern Europe, South and Latin America, and Asia had the lowest levels. Breast cancer incidence rose 30-40% from the 1970s to the 1990s in most countries, with the most marked increases among women aged > or =50 years. Mortality from breast cancer paralleled incidence: it was highest in the countries with the highest incidence rates (between 17/100,000 and 27/100,000), lowest in Latin America and Asia (7-14/100,000), and rose most rapidly in countries with the lowest rates. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates remain highest in developed countries compared with developing countries, as a result of differential use of screening mammograms and disparities in lifestyle and hereditary factors. Future studies assessing the combined contributions of both environmental and hereditary factors may provide explanations for worldwide differences in incidence and mortality rates.
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              HDAC8: a multifaceted target for therapeutic interventions.

              Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) is a class I histone deacetylase implicated as a therapeutic target in various diseases, including cancer, X-linked intellectual disability, and parasitic infections. It is a structurally well-characterized enzyme that also deacetylates nonhistone proteins. In cancer, HDAC8 is a major 'epigenetic player' that is linked to deregulated expression or interaction with transcription factors critical to tumorigenesis. In the parasite Schistosoma mansoni and in viral infections, HDAC8 is a novel target to subdue infection. The current challenge remains in the development of potent selective inhibitors that would specifically target HDAC8 with fewer adverse effects compared with pan-HDAC inhibitors. Here, we review HDAC8 as a drug target and discuss inhibitors with respect to their structural features and therapeutic interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Oncol
                Int. J. Oncol
                IJO
                International Journal of Oncology
                D.A. Spandidos
                1019-6439
                1791-2423
                September 2016
                06 July 2016
                06 July 2016
                : 49
                : 3
                : 868-876
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
                [3 ]Project for Realization of Personalized Cancer Medicine, Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
                [4 ]Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Yusuke Nakamura, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, E-mail: ynakamura@ 123456bsd.uchicago.edu
                [*]

                Contributed equally

                Article
                ijo-49-03-0868
                10.3892/ijo.2016.3607
                4948962
                27572108
                ceafe02f-9c26-4af6-9bcb-30caa5b3e19d
                Copyright: © Nakakido et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 21 May 2016
                : 21 June 2016
                Categories
                Articles

                breast cancer,molecular target,phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class x,gpi-anchor,reticulocalbin 1,reticulocalbin 2

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