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      Escalas de alerta temprana para rastrear el deterioro clínico en los servicios médicos de emergencia: una revisión integradora Translated title: Escalas de alerta precoce para rastrear deterioração clínica em serviços médicos de emergência: revisão integrativa Translated title: Early warning scales to track clinically deteriorating in emergency medical services: an integrative review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia científica en la literatura sobre el uso de escalas de alerta temprana en la identificación de pacientes adultos y ancianos en deterioro clínico en servicios médicos de emergencia. Métodos: Revisión integradora, apoyada por la recomendación Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, con una estrategia de búsqueda basada en la mnemotécnica Población - Fenómeno de interés - Contexto (PICo), realizada en las fuentes: US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Health, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Rayyan se utilizó en la selección y el análisis de contenido para analizar los hallazgos. Resultados: Se identificaron 691 artículos, de los cuales 22 compusieron la muestra y se enumeraron 27 escalas, National Early Warning Score, National Early Warning Score 2, Quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment e Modified Early Warning Score. Las escalas tenían parámetros de evaluación similares, caracterizados por frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial sistólica, temperatura, saturación de oxígeno y nivel de conciencia. Conclusión: Se enumeraron 27 escalas con parámetros de evaluación similares, en las cuales cuatro fueron las más prevalentes y de estas la National Early Warning Score resultó ser la más precisa, sin embargo, la evidencia muestra que la Modified Early Warning Score es la más utilizada en servicios médicos de emergencia.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas existentes na literatura sobre o uso de escalas de alerta precoce na identificação de pacientes adultos e idosos em deterioração clínica nos serviços médicos de emergência. Métodos: Revisão integrativa sustentada pela recomendação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, com estratégia de busca fundamentada no mnemônico Populacion - Interest Phenomenon - Context (PICo), realizada nas fontes: US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Health, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Utilizou-se o Rayyan na seleção e a análise de conteúdo para análise dos achados. Resultados: Identificaram-se 691 artigos, destes, 22 compuseram a amostra e elencaram-se 27 escalas, com destaque para a National Early Warning Score, National Early Warning Score 2, Quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment e Modified Early Warning Score. As escalas possuíam parâmetros de avaliação semelhantes, caracterizados pela frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, temperatura, saturação de oxigênio e nível de consciência. Conclusão: Elencaram-se 27 escalas com parâmetros de avaliação semelhantes, das quais quatro foram as mais prevalentes e, destas, a National Early Warning Score demonstrou ser a mais precisa. No entanto, as evidências demonstram que a Modified Early Warning Score é a mais utilizada nos serviços médicos de emergência.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify the scientific evidence in the literature on the use of early warning scales in the identification of adult and elderly patients in clinical deterioration in emergency medical services. Methods: Integrative review, supported by the recommendation Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, with a search mnemonic based on the Populacion - Interest Phenomenon - Context (PICo) strategy, performed in the sources: US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Health, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Rayyan was used in selection and content analysis to analyze the findings. Results: 691 articles were identified, of which 22 composed the sample and 27 scales were listed, with emphasis on the National Early Warning Score, National Early Warning Score 2, Quick Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment and Modified Early Warning Score. The scales had similar assessment parameters, characterized by heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation and level of consciousness. Conclusion: 27 scales were listed with similar evaluation parameters, in which four were the most prevalent and of these the National Early Warning Score proved to be the most accurate, however evidence shows that the Modified Early Warning Score is the most used in emergency medical services.

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          The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

          The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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            Predicting intensive care unit admission and death for COVID-19 patients in the emergency department using early warning scores

            Aims To identify the most accurate early warning score (EWS) for predicting an adverse outcome in COVID-19 patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). Methods In adult consecutive patients admitted (March 1-April 15, 2020) to the ED of a major referral centre for COVID-19, we retrospectively calculated NEWS, NEWS2, NEWS-C, MEWS, qSOFA, and REMS from physiological variables measured on arrival. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of each EWS for predicting admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and death at 48 h and 7 days were calculated. Results We included 334 patients (119 [35.6%] females, median age 66 [54-78] years). At 7 days, the rates of ICU admission and death were 56/334 (17%) and 26/334 (7.8%), respectively. NEWS was the most accurate predictor of ICU admission within 7 days (AUROC 0.783 [95% CI, 0.735-0.826]; sensitivity 71.4 [57.8-82.7]%; NPV 93.1 [89.8-95.3]%), while REMS was the most accurate predictor of death within 7 days (AUROC 0.823 [0.778–0.863]; sensitivity 96.1 [80.4-99.9]%; NPV 99.4[96.2–99.9]%). Similar results were observed for ICU admission and death at 48 h. NEWS and REMS were as accurate as the triage system used in our ED. MEWS and qSOFA had the lowest overall accuracy for both outcomes. Conclusion In our single-centre cohort of COVID-19 patients, NEWS and REMS measured on ED arrival were the most sensitive predictors of 7-day ICU admission or death. EWS could be useful to identify patients with low risk of clinical deterioration.
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              Evaluation and improvement of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) for COVID-19: a multi-hospital study

              Background The National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) is currently recommended in the UK for the risk stratification of COVID-19 patients, but little is known about its ability to detect severe cases. We aimed to evaluate NEWS2 for the prediction of severe COVID-19 outcome and identify and validate a set of blood and physiological parameters routinely collected at hospital admission to improve upon the use of NEWS2 alone for medium-term risk stratification. Methods Training cohorts comprised 1276 patients admitted to King’s College Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust with COVID-19 disease from 1 March to 30 April 2020. External validation cohorts included 6237 patients from five UK NHS Trusts (Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, University Hospitals Southampton, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Hospitals, University Hospitals Birmingham), one hospital in Norway (Oslo University Hospital), and two hospitals in Wuhan, China (Wuhan Sixth Hospital and Taikang Tongji Hospital). The outcome was severe COVID-19 disease (transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) or death) at 14 days after hospital admission. Age, physiological measures, blood biomarkers, sex, ethnicity, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, respiratory and kidney diseases) measured at hospital admission were considered in the models. Results A baseline model of ‘NEWS2 + age’ had poor-to-moderate discrimination for severe COVID-19 infection at 14 days (area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in training cohort = 0.700, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.680, 0.722; Brier score = 0.192, 95% CI 0.186, 0.197). A supplemented model adding eight routinely collected blood and physiological parameters (supplemental oxygen flow rate, urea, age, oxygen saturation, C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) improved discrimination (AUC = 0.735; 95% CI 0.715, 0.757), and these improvements were replicated across seven UK and non-UK sites. However, there was evidence of miscalibration with the model tending to underestimate risks in most sites. Conclusions NEWS2 score had poor-to-moderate discrimination for medium-term COVID-19 outcome which raises questions about its use as a screening tool at hospital admission. Risk stratification was improved by including readily available blood and physiological parameters measured at hospital admission, but there was evidence of miscalibration in external sites. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the use of early warning scores for COVID. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-020-01893-3.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                eg
                Enfermería Global
                Enferm. glob.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                1695-6141
                2022
                : 21
                : 68
                : 587-637
                Affiliations
                [1] Uberaba MG orgnameUniversidad Federal del Triángulo Minero Brasil suzel.ribeiro@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                S1695-61412022000400587 S1695-6141(22)02106800587
                10.6018/eglobal.502451
                cec7b0f3-ec7d-490e-83c4-6503f13b8487

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 February 2022
                : 24 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 51
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                SciELO Spain

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                Deterioro Clínico,Servicios Médicos de Urgencia,Seguridad del Paciente,Vital Signs,Patient Safety,Emergency Medical Services,Clinical Deterioration,Sinais Vitais,Segurança do Paciente,Serviços Médicos de Emergência,Deterioração Clínica,Signos Vitales

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