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      Journal of Pain Research (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on reporting of high-quality laboratory and clinical findings in all fields of pain research and the prevention and management of pain. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Is Open Access

      Contribution of diacylglycerol lipase β to pain after surgery

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          Abstract

          Background

          Metabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) yields arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor to proalgesic eicosanoids including prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2). Diacylglycerol lipase β (DAGLβ) is an enzyme that synthesizes 2-AG and its inhibition reduces eicosanoid levels and produces antinociceptive effects in models of inflammatory pain. Here we test whether inhibition of DAGLβ produces antinociceptive effects in a model of postoperative pain.

          Methods

          Rats were administered the selective DAGLβ inhibitor KT109 or vehicle and underwent plantar incision. Postsurgical pain/disability was examined using evoked (mechanical hyperalgesia), functional (incapacitance/weight bearing), and functional/spontaneous (locomotion) modalities.

          Results

          Activity-based protein profiling confirmed that KT109 inhibited DAGLβ in the lumbar spinal cord (LSC) and brain, confirming that it is a systemically active DAGLβ inhibitor. Treatment with KT109 reduced basal 2-AG, AA, and PGE 2 levels in the liver but not the brain, indicating that DAGLβ activity does not significantly contribute to basal PGE 2 production within the central nervous system. Plantar incision elevated the levels of 2-AG and PGE 2 in the LSC. Although KT109 did not alter postsurgical 2-AG levels in the LSC, it slightly reduced PGE 2 levels. In contrast, the clinically efficacious cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketoprofen completely suppressed PGE 2 levels in the LSC. Similarly, KT109 had no significant effect upon postsurgical 2-AG, AA, or PGE 2 levels at the incision site, while ketoprofen abolished PGE 2 production at this location. KT109 and ketoprofen reversed the weight bearing imbalance induced by plantar incision, yet neither KT109 nor ketoprofen had any significant effect on mechanical hyperalgesia. Treatment with ketoprofen partially but significantly rescued the locomotor deficit induced by incision while KT109 was without effect.

          Conclusion

          DAGLβ is not the principal enzyme that controls 2-AG derived AA and PGE 2 production after surgery, and inhibitors targeting this enzyme are unlikely to be efficacious analgesics superior to those already approved to treat acute postoperative pain.

          Most cited references43

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          Activity-based protein profiling: the serine hydrolases.

          With the postgenome era rapidly approaching, new strategies for the functional analysis of proteins are needed. To date, proteomics efforts have primarily been confined to recording variations in protein level rather than activity. The ability to profile classes of proteins on the basis of changes in their activity would greatly accelerate both the assignment of protein function and the identification of potential pharmaceutical targets. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis and utility of an active-site directed probe for visualizing dynamics in the expression and function of an entire enzyme family, the serine hydrolases. By reacting this probe, a biotinylated fluorophosphonate referred to as FP-biotin, with crude tissue extracts, we quickly and with high sensitivity detect numerous serine hydrolases, many of which display tissue-restricted patterns of expression. Additionally, we show that FP-biotin labels these proteins in an activity-dependent manner that can be followed kinetically, offering a powerful means to monitor dynamics simultaneously in both protein function and expression.
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            Loss of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and reduced adult neurogenesis in diacylglycerol lipase knock-out mice.

            Endocannabinoids (eCBs) function as retrograde signaling molecules at synapses throughout the brain, regulate axonal growth and guidance during development, and drive adult neurogenesis. There remains a lack of genetic evidence as to the identity of the enzyme(s) responsible for the synthesis of eCBs in the brain. Diacylglycerol lipase-alpha (DAGLalpha) and -beta (DAGLbeta) synthesize 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), the most abundant eCB in the brain. However, their respective contribution to this and to eCB signaling has not been tested. In the present study, we show approximately 80% reductions in 2-AG levels in the brain and spinal cord in DAGLalpha(-/-) mice and a 50% reduction in the brain in DAGLbeta(-/-) mice. In contrast, DAGLbeta plays a more important role than DAGLalpha in regulating 2-AG levels in the liver, with a 90% reduction seen in DAGLbeta(-/-) mice. Levels of arachidonic acid decrease in parallel with 2-AG, suggesting that DAGL activity controls the steady-state levels of both lipids. In the hippocampus, the postsynaptic release of an eCB results in the transient suppression of GABA-mediated transmission at inhibitory synapses; we now show that this form of synaptic plasticity is completely lost in DAGLalpha(-/-) animals and relatively unaffected in DAGLbeta(-/-) animals. Finally, we show that the control of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone is compromised in the DAGLalpha(-/-) and/or DAGLbeta(-/-) mice. These findings provide the first evidence that DAGLalpha is the major biosynthetic enzyme for 2-AG in the nervous system and reveal an essential role for this enzyme in regulating retrograde synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis.
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              The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol produced by diacylglycerol lipase alpha mediates retrograde suppression of synaptic transmission.

              Endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic neurons and cause retrograde suppression of synaptic transmission. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are regarded as two major endocannabinoids. To determine to what extent 2-AG contributes to retrograde signaling, we generated and analyzed mutant mice lacking either of the two 2-AG synthesizing enzymes diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DGLalpha) and beta (DGLbeta). We found that endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde synaptic suppression was totally absent in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and striatum of DGLalpha knockout mice, whereas the retrograde suppression was intact in DGLbeta knockout brains. The basal 2-AG content was markedly reduced and stimulus-induced elevation of 2-AG was absent in DGLalpha knockout brains, whereas the 2-AG content was normal in DGLbeta knockout brains. Morphology of the brain and expression of molecules required for 2-AG production other than DGLs were normal in the two knockout mice. We conclude that 2-AG produced by DGLalpha, but not by DGLbeta, mediates retrograde suppression at central synapses. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Pain Res
                J Pain Res
                Journal of Pain Research
                Journal of Pain Research
                Dove Medical Press
                1178-7090
                2018
                05 March 2018
                : 11
                : 473-482
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesiology
                [2 ]Department of Orthopedics
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry
                [4 ]Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Martin Kaczocha, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, L4-077, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8480, USA, Email martin.kaczocha@ 123456stonybrook.edu
                Article
                jpr-11-473
                10.2147/JPR.S157208
                5842774
                29551907
                cedaaccf-4b50-4ee0-bba4-c03ab307c61f
                © 2018 Luk et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                pain,incision,surgery,endocannabinoid,2-ag
                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                pain, incision, surgery, endocannabinoid, 2-ag

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