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      Seventy-One Important Questions for the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity

      research-article
        1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 11 , 14 , 9 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 1 , 19 , 1 , 20
      Conservation Biology
      BlackWell Publishing Ltd
      horizon scanning, marine biodiversity, policy, priority setting, research agenda, research questions, agenda de investigación, biodiversidad marina, escaneo de horizonte, establecimiento de prioridades, política, preguntas de investigación

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          Abstract

          The ocean provides food, economic activity, and cultural value for a large proportion of humanity. Our knowledge of marine ecosystems lags behind that of terrestrial ecosystems, limiting effective protection of marine resources. We describe the outcome of 2 workshops in 2011 and 2012 to establish a list of important questions, which, if answered, would substantially improve our ability to conserve and manage the world’s marine resources. Participants included individuals from academia, government, and nongovernment organizations with broad experience across disciplines, marine ecosystems, and countries that vary in levels of development. Contributors from the fields of science, conservation, industry, and government submitted questions to our workshops, which we distilled into a list of priority research questions. Through this process, we identified 71 key questions. We grouped these into 8 subject categories, each pertaining to a broad component of marine conservation: fisheries, climate change, other anthropogenic threats, ecosystems, marine citizenship, policy, societal and cultural considerations, and scientific enterprise. Our questions address many issues that are specific to marine conservation, and will serve as a road map to funders and researchers to develop programs that can greatly benefit marine conservation.

          Setenta y Un Preguntas Importantes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina

          Resumen

          Los océanos proporcionan alimento, actividad económica y valor cultural para una gran porción de la humanidad. Nuestro conocimiento de los ecosistemas marinos está atrasado con respecto al que tenemos de los ecosistemas terrestres, lo que limita la protección efectiva de los recursos naturales. Describimos el resultado de dos talleres en 2011 y 2012 para establecer una lista de preguntas importantes, las cuales al ser respondidas, mejorarían sustancialmente nuestra habilidad de conservar y manejar los recursos marinos del mundo. Entre los participantes se incluyeron a individuos de la docencia, el gobierno y organizaciones no-gubernamentales, con una amplia experiencia que atraviesa disciplinas, ecosistemas marinos y países que varían en el nivel de desarrollo. Los contribuyentes de los campos de la ciencia, la conservación, la industria y el gobierno, presentaron preguntas a nuestros talleres, las cuales separamos en una lista de preguntas de investigación prioritarias. Por medio de este proceso, identificamos 71 preguntas clave. Las agrupamos en ocho categorías temáticas, cada una perteneciente a un componente amplio de la conservación marina: pesquerías, cambio climático, otras amenazas antropogénicas, ecosistemas, ciudadanía marina, política, consideraciones sociales y culturales, y la iniciativa científica. Nuestras preguntas se dirigen a muchas cuestiones que son específicas de la conservación marina, y servirán como una ruta a seguir para patrocinadores e investigadores que busquen desarrollar programas que puedan beneficiar ampliamente a la conservación marina.

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          Most cited references64

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          The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems.

          Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few 'leverage species' may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations' ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and living systems will respond.
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            Is conservation triage just smart decision making?

            Conservation efforts and emergency medicine face comparable problems: how to use scarce resources wisely to conserve valuable assets. In both fields, the process of prioritising actions is known as triage. Although often used implicitly by conservation managers, scientists and policymakers, triage has been misinterpreted as the process of simply deciding which assets (e.g. species, habitats) will not receive investment. As a consequence, triage is sometimes associated with a defeatist conservation ethic. However, triage is no more than the efficient allocation of conservation resources and we risk wasting scarce resources if we do not follow its basic principles.
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              Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis.

              The history of aquatic environmental pollution goes back to the very beginning of the history of human civilization. However, aquatic pollution did not receive much attention until a threshold level was reached with adverse consequences on the ecosystems and organisms. Aquatic pollution has become a global concern, but even so, most developing nations are still producing huge pollution loads and the trends are expected to increase. Knowledge of the pollution sources and impacts on ecosystems is important not only for a better understanding on the ecosystem responses to pollutants but also to formulate prevention measures. Many of the sources of aquatic pollutions are generally well known and huge effort has been devoted to the issue. However, new concepts and ideas on environmental pollution are emerging (e.g., biological pollution) with a corresponding need for an update of the knowledge. The present paper attempts to provide an easy-to-follow depiction on the various forms of aquatic pollutions and their impacts on the ecosystem and organisms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Conserv Biol
                Conserv. Biol
                cobi
                Conservation Biology
                BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                0888-8892
                1523-1739
                October 2014
                29 April 2014
                : 28
                : 5
                : 1206-1214
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, 22030, U.S.A.
                [2 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
                [3 ]Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada
                [4 ]Smithsonian–Mason School of Conservation 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, U.S.A.
                [5 ]Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
                [6 ]WWF-Canada 409 Granville Street, Vancouver, BC, V6C 1T2, Canada
                [7 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Cedar Crest College PA, 18104, U.S.A.
                [8 ]New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, NSW Fisheries P.O. Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
                [9 ]National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia
                [10 ]Virginia Tech Center for Leadership in Global Sustainability, Natural Resource Programs 900 North Glebe Road, Arlington, VA, 22203, U.S.A.
                [11 ]Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
                [12 ]Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA, 93940, U.S.A.
                [13 ]United States Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, U.S.A.
                [14 ]Ocean Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
                [15 ]National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd P.O. Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand
                [16 ]Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
                [17 ]406-B Mountain Ash Crescent P.O. Box 1681, Sparwood, British Columbia, V0B 2G0, Canada
                [18 ]Collaborative Ocean Planning P.O. Box 15095, Portland, OR, 97293, U.S.A.
                [19 ]National Geographic Society 1145 17th Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036, U.S.A.
                [20 ]Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
                Article
                10.1111/cobi.12303
                4264944
                24779474
                cedddeec-8ab7-4b9d-abf3-31b56ad4b2d3
                © 2014 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 17 July 2013
                : 26 January 2014
                Categories
                Essays

                Ecology
                horizon scanning,marine biodiversity,policy,priority setting,research agenda,research questions,agenda de investigación,biodiversidad marina,escaneo de horizonte,establecimiento de prioridades,política,preguntas de investigación

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