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      About Blood Purification: 3.0 Impact Factor I 5.6 CiteScore I 0.83 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Modification: Basic Concepts and Relationship to Atherosclerosis

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          Abstract

          A large number of clinical studies support the hypothesis that the risk for atherosclerosis is associated with the proportion of different LDL subfractions in blood. Electronegatively modified forms of LDL (LDL<sup>–</sup>) isolated using different chromatographic techniques are characterised by significant differences in the protein and lipid content as compared to the native LDL subfraction. LDL<sup>–</sup> composition appears to influence its atherogenic properties as well as its high susceptibility to oxidation and impaired metabolism. Increased LDL<sup>–</sup> levels are found in subjects with coronary artery disease, particularly in diabetics and patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). Whether elevated LDL<sup>–</sup> levels are due to the LDL oxidation in blood remains disputed despite the oxidative character of LDL<sup>–</sup> modification. Plausible means for LDL<sup>–</sup> formation in blood include glycation and protein-radical interactions with ApoB 100. The latter can prevail during HD as observed in in vitro studies using a model HD system. The rapid and progressive formation of LDL<sup>–</sup> during standard HD can be significantly reduced employing haemolipodialysis (HLD), which provides local delivery of specific antioxidants (vitamin E and C) to blood at concentrations above normal physiologic levels. This procedure appears to be more effective than oral supplementation with antioxidants and may be a promising approach to reducing the rapid progression of atherosclerosis in HD patients.

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          Most cited references12

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          Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.

          The oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins increases their incorporation into the arterial intima, an essential step in atherogenesis. Although dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin C, carotene, and vitamin E, have been hypothesized to prevent coronary heart disease, prospective epidemiologic data are sparse. In 1986, 39,910 U.S. male health professionals 40 to 75 years of age who were free of diagnosed coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia completed detailed dietary questionnaires that assessed their usual intake of vitamin C, carotene, and vitamin E in addition to other nutrients. During four years of follow-up, we documented 667 cases of coronary disease. After controlling for age and several coronary risk factors, we observed a lower risk of coronary disease among men with higher intakes of vitamin E (P for trend = 0.003). For men consuming more than 60 IU per day of vitamin E, the multivariate relative risk was 0.64 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.83) as compared with those consuming less than 7.5 IU per day. As compared with men who did not take vitamin E supplements, men who took at least 100 IU per day for at least two years had a multivariate relative risk of coronary disease of 0.63 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.84). Carotene intake was not associated with a lower risk of coronary disease among those who had never smoked, but it was inversely associated with the risk among current smokers (relative risk, 0.30; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.82) and former smokers (relative risk, 0.60; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.94). In contrast, a high intake of vitamin C was not associated with a lower risk of coronary disease. These data do not prove a causal relation, but they provide evidence of an association between a high intake of vitamin E and a lower risk of coronary heart disease in men. Public policy recommendations with regard to the use of vitamin E supplements should await the results of additional studies.
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            Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women.

            Interest in the antioxidant vitamin E as a possible protective nutrient against coronary disease has intensified with the recognition that oxidized low-density lipoprotein may be involved in atherogenesis. In 1980, 87,245 female nurses 34 to 59 years of age who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer completed dietary questionnaires that assessed their consumption of a wide range of nutrients, including vitamin E. During follow-up of up to eight years (679,485 person-years) that was 97 percent complete, we documented 552 cases of major coronary disease (437 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 115 deaths due to coronary disease). As compared with women in the lowest fifth of the cohort with respect to vitamin E intake, those in the top fifth had a relative risk of major coronary disease of 0.66 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.87) after adjustment for age and smoking. Further adjustment for a variety of other coronary risk factors and nutrients, including other antioxidants, had little effect on the results. Most of the variability in intake and reduction in risk was attributable to vitamin E consumed as supplements. Women who took vitamin E supplements for short periods had little apparent benefit, but those who took them for more than two years had a relative risk of major coronary disease of 0.59 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.91) after adjustment for age, smoking status, risk factors for coronary disease, and use of other antioxidant nutrients (including multi-vitamins). Although these prospective data do not prove a cause-and-effect relation, they suggest that among middle-aged women the use of vitamin E supplements is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Randomized trials of vitamin E in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease are being conducted; public policy recommendations about the widespread use of vitamin E should await the results of these trials.
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              The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BPU
                Blood Purif
                10.1159/issn.0253-5068
                Blood Purification
                S. Karger AG
                978-3-8055-6918-7
                978-3-318-00464-9
                0253-5068
                1421-9735
                1999
                1999
                12 August 1999
                : 17
                : 2-3
                : 66-78
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA; bCurrent address: Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                Article
                14378 Blood Purif 1999;17:66–78
                10.1159/000014378
                10449864
                cf0aea22-3cdc-4ae3-b937-6952e63bc9b0
                © 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, References: 98, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Dityrosine,Electronegative LDL,Vitamin C,Vitamin E,Ferryl radical,Lipid peroxidation,Diabetes,Apolipoprotein B 100,Haemoglobin,Haemodialysis,Dense LDL

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