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      El Paradigma de las Neurociencias de la Educación y el Aprendizaje del Lenguaje Escrito: Una Experiencia de 60 Años Translated title: The Paradigm of Educational Neuroscience and the Learning of the Written Language: Sixty Years After

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia del autor sobre los aportes de las neurociencias y de la psicología cognitiva a la investigación del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito desde la perspectiva del modelo de paradigmas científicos propuesto por el filósofo Thomas Kuhn para la historia de las ciencias. Se describen las investigaciones y el avance de la psicología cognitiva y de las neurociencias de la educación en el aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito durante 60 años. Los conocimientos derivados de las neurociencias de la educación y fundamentadas en neuroimágenes muestran una estrecha relación entre los procesos cognitivos cerebrales y la psicopedagogía del aprendizaje escolar.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present the author's experience regarding the contributions of neurosciences and cognitive psychology to research on the learning of written language from the perspective of the model of scientific paradigms, advanced by the philosopher Thomas Kuhn for the study of the history of science. The article describes the research and the progress made over the last 60 years in the field of cognitive psychology and educational neuroscience with respect to the learning of written language. The knowledge derived from educational neuroscience, based on neuroimaging, reveals a close connection between cognitive processes in the brain and the educational psychology of school learning.

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          Most cited references57

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          Cultural recycling of cortical maps.

          Part of human cortex is specialized for cultural domains such as reading and arithmetic, whose invention is too recent to have influenced the evolution of our species. Representations of letter strings and of numbers occupy reproducible locations within large-scale macromaps, respectively in the left occipito-temporal and bilateral intraparietal cortex. Furthermore, recent fMRI studies reveal a systematic architecture within these areas. To explain this paradoxical cerebral invariance of cultural maps, we propose a neuronal recycling hypothesis, according to which cultural inventions invade evolutionarily older brain circuits and inherit many of their structural constraints.
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            The neural code for written words: a proposal.

            How is reading, a cultural invention, coded by neural populations in the human brain? The neural code for written words must be abstract, because we can recognize words regardless of their location, font and size. Yet it must also be exquisitely sensitive to letter identity and letter order. Most existing coding schemes are insufficiently invariant or incompatible with the constraints of the visual system. We propose a tentative neuronal model according to which part of the occipito-temporal 'what' pathway is tuned to writing and forms a hierarchy of local combination detectors sensitive to increasingly larger fragments of words. Our proposal can explain why the detection of 'open bigrams' (ordered pairs of letters) constitutes an important stage in visual word recognition.
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              Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter-speech sound correspondences.

              The acquisition of reading skills is a major landmark process in a human's cognitive development. On the neural level, a new functional network develops during this time, as children typically learn to associate the well-known sounds of their spoken language with unfamiliar characters in alphabetic languages and finally access the meaning of written words, allowing for later reading. A critical component of the mature reading network located in the left occipito-temporal cortex, termed the "visual word-form system" (VWFS), exhibits print-sensitive activation in readers. When and how the sensitivity of the VWFS to print comes about remains an open question. In this study, we demonstrate the initiation of occipito-temporal cortex sensitivity to print using functional MRI (fMRI) (n = 16) and event-related potentials (ERP) (n = 32) in a controlled, longitudinal training study. Print sensitivity of fast (<250 ms) processes in posterior occipito-temporal brain regions accompanied basic associative learning of letter-speech sound correspondences in young (mean age 6.4 +/- 0.08 y) nonreading kindergarten children, as shown by concordant ERP and fMRI results. The occipito-temporal print sensitivity thus is established during the earliest phase of reading acquisition in childhood, suggesting that a crucial part of the later reading network first adopts a role in mapping print and sound.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                psykhe
                Psykhe (Santiago)
                Psykhe
                Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-2228
                May 2018
                : 27
                : 1
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile
                Article
                S0718-22282018000100109
                10.7764/psykhe.27.1.1101
                cf3e5473-4c85-4099-87b9-b2294622568a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : March 2018
                : October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 90, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Chile


                paradigm,psicología cognitiva,neurociencias,lenguaje escrito,paradigma,dislexia,cognitive psychology,neurosciences,written language

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