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      Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Neurons and Neurodevelopment

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          Abstract

          This review focuses on the current knowledge of the effects of thyroid hormones on central nervous system differentiation and development in animals and the human fetal brain. The outcomes of children with congenital hypothyroidism and of newborns with hypothyroid pregnant mothers are emphasized, focusing on how therapies could affect and especially improve the outcomes.

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          Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?

          Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jai K Das, Arjumand Rizvi … (2013)
          The Lancet, 382(9890), 452-477
          Article 0 comments Cited 1041 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy.

            Brian Casey, Elizabeth A Thom, Alan M Peaceman … (2017)
            Subclinical thyroid disease during pregnancy may be associated with adverse outcomes, including a lower-than-normal IQ in offspring. It is unknown whether levothyroxine treatment of women who are identified as having subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy improves cognitive function in their children.
            Article 0 comments Cited 126 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development.

              Nora K Moog, Sonja Entringer, Christine Heim … (2017)
              Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence TH synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programing of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.
              Article 0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HRP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Horm Res Paediatr
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Title: Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1663-2818
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-2826
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2018
                Publication date (Print): October 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 August 2018
                Volume: 90
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 73-81
                Affiliations
                Department of Pediatrics, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
                Author notes
                *Giovanni Prezioso, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, IT–66100 Chieti (Italy), E-Mail gprezioso@hotmail.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: 492129 Other ID: Horm Res Paediatr 2018;90:73–81
                DOI: 10.1159/000492129
                PubMed ID: 30157487
                SO-VID: cfa7717d-dca9-4cbb-9a8d-9924c2500c3b
                Copyright © © 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 14 February 2018
                Date accepted : 15 July 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Mini Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Iodine insufficiency,Fetal brain,Congenital hypothyroidism,Thyroid hormones,Neurodevelopment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes, Neurology, Nutrition & Dietetics, Sexual medicine, Internal medicine, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Iodine insufficiency, Fetal brain, Congenital hypothyroidism, Thyroid hormones, Neurodevelopment

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