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      Prevalence and treatment implications of ICD-11 complex PTSD in Australian treatment-seeking current and ex-serving military members Translated title: Prevalencia e implicaciones en el tratamiento del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático Complejo según CIE-11 en miembros militares australianos activos o en retiro en busca de tratamiento Translated title: 澳大利亚寻求治疗的现役和退役军人中ICD-11 复杂性PTSD 的流行率和治疗意义

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Despite growing support for the distinction between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as separate diagnoses within the ICD-11 psychiatric taxonomy, the prevalence and treatment implications of CPTSD among current and ex-serving military members have not been established.

          Objective: The study aims were to a) establish the prevalence of provisional ICD-11 CPTSD diagnosis relative to PTSD in an Australian sample of treatment-seeking current and ex-serving military members, and b) examine the implications of CPTSD diagnosis for intake profile and treatment response.

          Methods: The study analysed data collected routinely from Australian-accredited treatment programmes for military-related PTSD. Participants were 480 current and ex-serving military members in this programmes who received a provisional ICD-11 diagnosis of PTSD or CPTSD at intake using proxy measures. Measures of PTSD symptoms, disturbances in self-organisation, psychological distress, mental health and social relationships were considered at treatment intake, discharge, and 3-month follow-up.

          Results: Among participants with a provisional ICD-11 diagnosis, 78.2% were classified as having CPTSD, while 21.8% were classified as having PTSD. When compared to ICD-11 PTSD, participants with CPTSD reported greater symptom severity and psychological distress at intake, and lower scores on relationship and mental health dimensions of the quality of life measure. These relative differences persisted at each post-treatment assessment. Decreases in PTSD symptoms between intake and discharge were similar across PTSD (d RM  = −0.81) and CPTSD (d RM  = −0.76) groups, and there were no significant post-treatment differences between groups when controlling for initial scores.

          Conclusions: CPTSD is common among treatment-seeking current and ex-serving military members, and is associated with initially higher levels of psychiatric severity, which persist over time. Participants with CPTSD were equally responsive to PTSD treatment; however, the tendency for those with CPTSD to remain highly symptomatic post-treatment suggests additional treatment components should be considered.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • ICD-11 complex PTSD (CPTSD) is more prevalent than PTSD in current and ex-serving military members seeking treatment for PTSD.

          • Responses to programmatic trauma-focused treatment were similar across the two provisional diagnoses.

          • Participants with CPTSD maintained higher symptom severity overall post-treatment than those with PTSD, and further research is needed to establish what supplementary treatment might be appropriate.

          • CPTSD is more prevalent than PTSD in treatment-seeking current and ex-serving military members. Participants with CPTSD were equally responsive as those with PTSD to trauma-focused treatment, though those with CPTSD maintained higher symptom severity pre- and post-treatment.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: A pesar del creciente apoyo para la distinción entre trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo (TEPTC) como diagnósticos separados dentro de la taxonomía psiquiátrica de la CIE-11, la prevalencia y las implicaciones en el tratamiento del TEPTC dentro de miembros militares activos o en retiro no han sido establecidas.

          Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio fueron a) establecer la prevalencia de TEPTC provisional según CIE-11 en relación al TEPT en una muestra australiana de miembros militares activos o en retiro en busca de tratamiento, y b) examinar las implicaciones del diagnóstico de TEPTC para el perfil de ingreso y respuesta a tratamiento.

          Método: El estudio analizó datos recolectados de forma rutinaria por programas de tratamiento australianos acreditados para TEPT relacionado a militares. Los participantes fueron 480 miembros activos o en retiro ingresados a este programa bajo el diagnóstico provisional de TEPT o TEPTC según CIE-11 a través de indicadores indirectos. Al ingreso, egreso y a los 3 meses de seguimiento, se consideraron mediciones de los síntomas de TEPT, alteraciones en la organización del Yo, estrés psicológico, salud mental y relaciones sociales.

          Resultados: Dentro de los participantes con un diagnóstico provisional según CIE-11, el 78,2% fue clasificado como portador de TEPTC, mientras que un 21,8% fue clasificado como portador de TEPT. Al ser comparados con TEPT según CIE-11, los participantes con TEPTC reportaron al ingreso una mayor severidad en la sintomatología y en el estrés psicológico, y menores puntajes en las dimensiones de medida de calidad de vida de salud mental y relaciones sociales. Estas diferencias relativas persistieron en cada seguimiento posterior al tratamiento. Las disminuciones en los síntomas de TEPT entre el ingreso y el egreso fueron similares entre los grupos con TEPT (d RM = -0.81) y TEPTC (d RM = -0.76), y no hubo diferencias significativas post-tratamiento entre los grupos al controlarlos según los puntajes iniciales.

          Conclusiones: El TEPTC es común dentro de miembros militares activos o en retiro en busca de tratamiento, y está asociado a mayores niveles de severidad psiquiátrica inicial, la cual persiste a lo largo del tiempo. Los participantes con TEPTC respondieron igualmente al tratamiento del TEPT; sin embargo, la tendencia de aquéllos con TEPTC de permanecer altamente sintomáticos tras el tratamiento sugiere componentes de tratamiento adicionales que deberían ser considerados.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 尽管在ICD-11精神病学分类法中作为独立诊断的创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 和复杂性PTSD (CPTSD) 之间的区别得到越来越多的支持, 但现役和退役军人中CPTSD的流行率和治疗意义尚未得到证实。

          目的: 本研究旨在:a) 在澳大利亚寻求治疗的现役和退役军人样本中, 确定相对于PTSD的ICD-11 CPTSD临时诊断的流行率, 以及b) 考查CPTSD诊断对治疗摄入的剖面和治疗反应的意义。

          方法: 本研究分析了从澳大利亚认可的军事相关PTSD治疗计划中定期收集的数据。参与者为480名在此计划中通过代理测量得到ICD-11 PTSD或CPTSD临时诊断的现役和退役军人。考虑了治疗期间, 出院时和3个月的随访时的PTSD症状, 自我组织障碍, 心理困扰, 心理健康和社会关系的测量。

          结果: 在具有ICD-11临时诊断的参与者中, 有78.2%归类为CPTSD组, 而21.8%;归类为PTSD组。相较于ICD-11 PTSD组, CPTSD组的参与者在治疗摄入时报告了更高的症状严重程度和心理困扰, 和更低的生活质量测量的关系和心理健康维度得分。这些相对差异在每次治疗后评估中均持续存在。治疗和出院时PTSD组 (d RM = −0.81) 和CPTSD组 (d RM = −0.76) PTSD症状的减少相似, 并且在控制初始得分时治疗后无显著组间差异。

          结论: 在寻求治疗的现役和退役军人中CPTSD很常见, 并且与初始更高的精神病严重程度有关, 并随着时间的流逝而持续。 患有CPTSD的参与者对PTSD的治疗反应相同。但是, 对于CPTSD患者, 在治疗后仍保持高度症状的趋势表明, 应考虑使用额外治疗方法。

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            The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation.

            The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a widely used DSM-correspondent self-report measure of PTSD symptoms. The PCL was recently revised to reflect DSM-5 changes to the PTSD criteria. In this article, the authors describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the PCL for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Psychometric properties of the PCL-5 were examined in 2 studies involving trauma-exposed college students. In Study 1 (N = 278), PCL-5 scores exhibited strong internal consistency (α = .94), test-retest reliability (r = .82), and convergent (rs = .74 to .85) and discriminant (rs = .31 to .60) validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate fit with the DSM-5 4-factor model, χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .07, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08, comparative fit index (CFI) = .86, and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = .84, and superior fit with recently proposed 6-factor, χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .92, and TLI = .90, and 7-factor, χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .93, and TLI = .91, models. In Study 2 (N = 558), PCL-5 scores demonstrated similarly strong reliability and validity. Overall, results indicate that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound measure of PTSD symptoms. Implications for use of the PCL-5 in a variety of assessment contexts are discussed.
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              To review the literature of the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A review of the 747 identified papers that used HADS was performed to address the following questions: (I) How are the factor structure, discriminant validity and the internal consistency of HADS? (II) How does HADS perform as a case finder for anxiety disorders and depression? (III) How does HADS agree with other self-rating instruments used to rate anxiety and depression? Most factor analyses demonstrated a two-factor solution in good accordance with the HADS subscales for Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D), respectively. The correlations between the two subscales varied from.40 to.74 (mean.56). Cronbach's alpha for HADS-A varied from.68 to.93 (mean.83) and for HADS-D from.67 to.90 (mean.82). In most studies an optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity was achieved when caseness was defined by a score of 8 or above on both HADS-A and HADS-D. The sensitivity and specificity for both HADS-A and HADS-D of approximately 0.80 were very similar to the sensitivity and specificity achieved by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Correlations between HADS and other commonly used questionnaires were in the range.49 to.83. HADS was found to perform well in assessing the symptom severity and caseness of anxiety disorders and depression in both somatic, psychiatric and primary care patients and in the general population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                12 February 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1844441
                Affiliations
                [a ]Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne; , Australia
                [b ]Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol; , Bristol, UK
                [c ]Discipline of Clinical Psychology, University of Technology Sydney; , Sydney, Australia
                [d ]School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales; , Sydney, Australia
                [e ]St John of God Mental Health Services, Richmond Hospital; , Sydney, Australia
                [f ]Ramsay Health Care – Hollywood Clinic; , Perth, Australia
                [g ]Buderim Private Hospital; , Sunshine Coast, Australia
                [h ]The Marian Centre; , Perth, Australia
                [i ]Veteran Mental Health Rehabilitation Unit, The Jamie Larcombe Centre; , Adelaide, Australia
                [j ]Toowong Private Hospital; , Brisbane, Australia
                Author notes
                CONTACT Alexandra Howard ahowa@ 123456unimelb.edu.au Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne; , Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-9156
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-8012
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6784-3972
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-2569
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-2220
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-2920
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-0022
                Article
                1844441
                10.1080/20008198.2020.1844441
                8128128
                cfb96ad2-0c46-41da-9ede-5fb069b4f3ab
                © Commonwealth of Australia 2021. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, References: 55, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                complex ptsd,posttraumatic stress disorder,military,veterans,icd-11,treatment outcome,tept complejo,trastorno de estrés postraumático,veteranos,militares,resultado de tratamiento,cie-11,复杂性,创伤后应激障碍,退伍军人,军事,治疗结果

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