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      Infection tuberculeuse latente chez l’enfant à Bangui: à propos de 524 cas exposés à domicile aux cas index de tuberculose pulmonaire à microscopie positive Translated title: Latent tuberculosis infection in children in Bangui: about 524 cases exposed at home to index cases of positive microscopy pulmonary tuberculosis

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          malgré la vaccination par le BCG, le risque de développer la tuberculose chez les jeunes enfants dans les régions endémiques reste plus élevé après exposition au cas de tuberculose chez l´adulte. Le but de cette étude était de réduire le risque de tuberculose active chez les enfants contacts des cas index adultes à domicile.

          Méthodes

          une étude transversale multisite (avril 2016-janvier 2019) a été réalisée sur des enfants de 0 à 59 mois, contacts des cas index à domicile, dépistés et suivis au centre pédiatrique de Bangui.

          Résultats

          cinq cent vingt- quatre (524) enfants ont été enregistrés. La moyenne d´âge était de 2 ans et 1 mois et le sex ratio garçon/fille de 1,02. Environ quatre-vingt-huit pourcent (88,5%) des contacts étaient vaccinés avec le BCG contre 11,5% non vaccinés. Dans plus de la moitié des cas (52%), les contacts et les cas index ont partagé la même chambre et le temps de contact journalier était supérieur à 12h dans 56% des ménages. Un peu plus de neuf pourcent (9,35%) des contacts avaient une IDR positive. Tous les enfants ont été mis sous chimioprophylaxie à base de Rifampicine + Isoniazide selon les directives nationales et malgré cela, 14 soit 2,67% ont développé une tuberculose active dont 13 formes pulmonaires et une forme ganglionnaire.

          Conclusion

          la chimio prophylaxie tuberculeuse a sans doute permis de réduire considérablement le risque de survenue de la tuberculose chez des enfants ayant été en contact avec les cas index à domicile.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction

          in endemic areas, despite BCG vaccination, the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) in young children is high after exposure to adults with tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to reduce the risk of active tuberculosis in children experiencing household exposure to adult index cases.

          Methods

          we conducted a cross-sectional multi-site study (April 2016- January 2019) of children aged 0 to 59 months experiencing household exposure to index cases. They were screened and followed up at the pediatric center in Bangui.

          Results

          five hundred twenty four children were included in the study. The average age of patients was 2 years and 1 month and sex ratio (male/female) was 1.02; more than eighty-eight percent (88.5%) of contacts had received a BCG vaccination versus 11.5% who were unvaccinated. In more than half of the cases (52%), contacts and index cases had shared the same room and daily contact time had been greater than 12h in 56% of households; more than nine percent (9.35%) of contacts had positive tuberculin skin (IDR) test. All children received chemoprophylaxis with rifampicin + isoniazid, according to the national guidelines and, despite this, 14 or 2.67% of patients developed active tuberculosis, including 13 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and one with ganglionic tuberculosis.

          Conclusion

          chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis significantly reduced the risk of TB in children experiencing household exposure to index cases.

          Most cited references13

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          Risk factors for developing tuberculosis: a 12-year follow-up of contacts of tuberculosis cases.

          Many risk factors for the development of tuberculosis (TB) have been reported but have not been simultaneously assessed. To determine the risk of developing TB associated with each risk factor, after adjusting for all others. We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study of the contacts of TB cases recorded in British Columbia, Canada. Known risk factors for the development of TB were assessed over a 12-year period; Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of TB, adjusting for the other factors. Among 33 146 TB contacts, 228 developed TB during the study period (TB rate 668 per 100,000 population, 95%CI 604-783). The main risk factors for TB development were malnutrition (HR 37.5), no treatment of latent TB infection (HR 25) or or=5 mm (HR >or=4.99). Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination significantly reduced the risk of TB development (HR 0.32, 95%CI 0.20-0.50). Among contacts of TB cases, we have identified the few factors that carry a very high risk for developing TB. These factors identify populations at highest risk and permit more effective TB control.
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            Predictive model to identify positive tuberculosis skin test results during contact investigations.

            Budgetary constraints in tuberculosis (TB) control programs require streamlining contact investigations without sacrificing disease control. To develop more efficient methods of TB contact investigation by creating a model of TB transmission using variables that best predict a positive tuberculin skin test among contacts of an active TB case. After standardizing the interview and documentation process, data were collected on 292 consecutive TB cases and their 2941 contacts identified by the Alabama Department of Public Health between January and October 1998. Generalized estimating equations were used to create a model for predicting positive skin test results in contacts of active TB cases. The model was then validated using data from a prospective cohort of 366 new TB cases and their 3162 contacts identified between October 1998 and April 2000. Tuberculin skin test result. Using generalized estimating equations to build a predictive model, 7 variables were found to significantly predict a positive tuberculin skin test result among contacts of an active TB case. Further testing showed this model to have a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of approximately 89%, 36%, and 26%, respectively. The false-negative rate was less than 10%, and about 40% of the contact workload could be eliminated using this model. Certain characteristics can be used to predict contacts most likely to have a positive tuberculin skin test result. Use of such models can significantly reduce the number of contacts that public health officials need to investigate while still maintaining excellent disease control.
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              Evaluation of a model for efficient screening of tuberculosis contact subjects.

              Contact tracing is an important component of tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Standardization of contact investigation protocols can make them more efficient. To develop a model to select contact subjects for screening. We prospectively collected standardized data on 325 TB index cases and their 2,009 contacts. Factors that independently influenced the risk of TB infection were included in the model, which was then validated in a second prospective cohort of 88 cases of TB and their 618 contacts. A total of eight independent risk factors were identified (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval): age, with three subgroups: 6-14 years (3.6; 1.6-8.0); 15-29 years (3.7; 1.8-7.7); > or =30 years (4.1; 2.0-8.5); cavitation on the index case's chest radiograph (1.6; 1.1-2.2); an index case sputum smear with 100 or more acid-fast bacilli per field (1.8; 1.2-2.8); household contact at night (2.1; 1.3-3.2); first-degree family relationship with the index case (2.1; 1.3-3.3); active smoking by the contact (1.6; 1.1-2.4); free health care (2.0; 1.2-3.2); and birth in a country with TB incidence rate higher than 25 of 100,000 (2.2; 1.5-3.2). Predictive probabilities were chosen to ensure false-negative rates lower than estimated TB infection background. The number of contacts to be investigated was reduced by 26% while maintaining a false-negative rate of 8%. This study provides a standardized contact screening model which reduces resources required without negatively affecting disease control.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                27 December 2021
                2021
                : 40
                : 263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Domitien de Bimbo, Bangui, République Centrafricaine,
                [2 ]Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine,
                [3 ]Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine,
                [4 ]Service d´Anatomie Pathologie, Laboratoire National de Biologie Clinique et de Santé Publique de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
                Author notes
                [& ] Auteur correspondant: Alain Farra, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine. alain.farra@ 123456pasteur-bangui.cf
                Article
                PAMJ-40-263
                10.11604/pamj.2021.40.263.32064
                8856969
                35251457
                cfc1ff1a-35cd-4278-ae59-e4d055e24753
                Copyright: Edgard Djimbélé Béradjé et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 October 2021
                : 25 November 2021
                Categories
                Research

                Medicine
                infection tuberculeuse latente,contacts,cas index,domicile,bangui,latent tb infection,index cases,household

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