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      Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Highlights

          • •

            SARS-CoV-2 has a probable animal origin.

          • •

            A number of human coronaviruses that originated in animals have emerged in less than two decades.

          • •

            Coronaviruses in animals and associated diseases have been known for a long time.

          • •

            Animal coronaviruses are paradigmatic on how these viruses evolve generating new genotypes and biotypes.

          • •

            Variations of coronavirus pathogenicity, tissue tropism and host range are well-known in animals.

          Abstract

          The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.

          In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

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          A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

          Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
          Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
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            SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

            Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
            Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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              A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

              Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)
              Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 5269 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nicola Decaro
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. Microbiol
                Title: Veterinary Microbiology
                Publisher: The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0378-1135
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2542
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 April 2020
                Publication date (Print): May 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 April 2020
                Volume: 244
                Page: 108693
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
                [b ]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. nicola.decaro@ 123456uniba.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0378-1135(20)30293-5 Publisher ID: 108693
                DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693
                PMC ID: 7195271
                PubMed ID: 32402329
                SO-VID: cfc423cb-24c1-462c-8ea7-1e3089504825
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 10 March 2020
                Date revision received : 10 April 2020
                Date accepted : 10 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: novel human coronavirus,sars-cov-2,covid-19,animal coronaviruses,genetic plasticity,host switch,tissue tropism
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: novel human coronavirus, sars-cov-2, covid-19, animal coronaviruses, genetic plasticity, host switch, tissue tropism

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