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      Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Painful Syndromes: Role of Animal Models

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      Pain Medicine
      Wiley

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          A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man

          A peripheral mononeuropathy was produced in adult rats by placing loosely constrictive ligatures around the common sciatic nerve. The postoperative behavior of these rats indicated that hyperalgesia, allodynia and, possibly, spontaneous pain (or dysesthesia) were produced. Hyperalgesic responses to noxious radiant heat were evident on the second postoperative day and lasted for over 2 months. Hyperalgesic responses to chemogenic pain were also present. The presence of allodynia was inferred from the nocifensive responses evoked by standing on an innocuous, chilled metal floor or by innocuous mechanical stimulation, and by the rats' persistence in holding the hind paw in a guarded position. The presence of spontaneous pain was suggested by a suppression of appetite and by the frequent occurrence of apparently spontaneous nocifensive responses. The affected hind paw was abnormally warm or cool in about one-third of the rats. About one-half of the rats developed grossly overgrown claws on the affected side. Experiments with this animal model may advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms of neuropathic pain disorders in humans.
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            Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain

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              An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat

              We attempted to develop an experimental animal model for peripheral neuropathic pain. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, both the L5 and L6 spinal nerves (group 1) or the L5 spinal nerve alone (group 2) of one side of the rat were tightly ligated. For comparison, a parallel study was conducted with another group of rats (group 3) which received a partial tight sciatic nerve ligation, a paradigm developed previously as a neuropathy model. Withdrawal latencies to application of radiant heat to the foot were tested for the next 16 weeks in all 3 groups. Sensitivity of the hind paw to mechanical stimulation was tested with von Frey filaments. The general behavior of each rat was noted during the entire test period. Results suggested that the surgical procedure in all 3 groups produced a long-lasting hyperalgesia to noxious heat (at least 5 weeks) and mechanical allodynia (at least 10 weeks) of the affected foot. In addition, there were behavioral signs of the presence of spontaneous pain in the affected foot. Therefore, we believe we have developed an experimental animal model for peripheral neuropathy using tight ligations of spinal nerves. The model manifests the symptoms of human patients with causalgia and is compatible with a previously developed neuropathy model. The present model has two unique features. First, the surgical procedure is stereotyped. Second, the levels of injured and intact spinal segments are completely separated, allowing independent experimental manipulations of the injured and intact spinal segments in future experiments to answer questions regarding mechanisms underlying causalgia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pain Medicine
                Pain Med
                Wiley
                1526-2375
                1526-4637
                May 01 2006
                May 2006
                May 01 2006
                May 2006
                : 7
                : suppl 1
                : S14-S26
                Article
                10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00119.x
                cfc9a56a-e03c-4640-b61f-0b6b8b5b14bb
                © 2006

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

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