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      Calcium: A Critical Factor in Pollen Germination and Tube Elongation

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          Abstract

          Pollen is the male gametophyte of higher plants. Its major function is to deliver sperm cells to the ovule to ensure successful fertilization. During this process, many interactions occur among pollen tubes and pistil cells and tissues, and calcium ion (Ca 2+) dynamics mediate these interactions among cells to ensure that pollen reaches the embryo sac. Although the precise functions of Ca 2+ dynamics in the cells are unknown, we can speculate about its roles on the basis of its spatial and temporal characteristics during these interactions. The results of many studies indicate that calcium is a critical element that is strongly related to pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

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          Defensin-like polypeptide LUREs are pollen tube attractants secreted from synergid cells.

          Satohiro Okuda, Hiroki Tsutsui, Keiko Shiina … (2009)
          For more than 140 years, pollen tube guidance in flowering plants has been thought to be mediated by chemoattractants derived from target ovules. However, there has been no convincing evidence of any particular molecule being the true attractant that actually controls the navigation of pollen tubes towards ovules. Emerging data indicate that two synergid cells on the side of the egg cell emit a diffusible, species-specific signal to attract the pollen tube at the last step of pollen tube guidance. Here we report that secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides (CRPs) in a subgroup of defensin-like proteins are attractants derived from the synergid cells. We isolated synergid cells of Torenia fournieri, a unique plant with a protruding embryo sac, to identify transcripts encoding secreted proteins as candidate molecules for the chemoattractant(s). We found two CRPs, abundantly and predominantly expressed in the synergid cell, which are secreted to the surface of the egg apparatus. Moreover, they showed activity in vitro to attract competent pollen tubes of their own species and were named as LUREs. Injection of morpholino antisense oligomers against the LUREs impaired pollen tube attraction, supporting the finding that LUREs are the attractants derived from the synergid cells of T. fournieri.
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            THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF CALCIUM ION IN POLLEN GERMINATION AND POLLEN TUBE GROWTH

            Beyoung H. Kwack, James L. Brewbaker (1963)
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              Calcium - a central regulator of pollen germination and tube growth.

              Jörg Kudla, Leonie Steinhorst (2013)
              Pollen tubes grow rapidly by very fast rates and reach extended lengths to bring about fertilization during plant reproduction. The pollen tube grows exclusively at its tip. Fundamental for such local, tip-focused growth are the presence of internal gradients and transmembrane fluxes of ions. Consequently, vegetative pollen tube cells are an excellent single cell model system to investigate cell biological processes of vesicle transport, cytoskeleton reorganization and regulation of ion transport. The second messenger Ca(2+) has emerged as a central and crucial modulator that not only regulates but also integrates the coordination each of these processes. In this review we reflect on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of Ca(2+) function in pollen tube growth, focusing on its role in basic cellular processes such as control of cell growth, vesicular transport and intracellular signaling by localized gradients of second messengers. In particular we discuss new insights into the identity and role of Ca(2+) conductive ion channels and present experimental addressable hypotheses about their regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:12th European Symposium on Calcium. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 January 2019
                Publication date Collection: January 2019
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 420
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Key Laboratory of Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou 350012, China; ssdforest@ 123456163.com (S.D.S.); huix01@ 123456163.com (H.X.)
                [2 ]School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zrh08@ 123456126.com (R.H.Z.); hqtian@ 123456xmu.edu.cn (H.Q.T.); Tel.: +86-591-87911404 (R.H.Z.); +86-592-2186486 (H.Q.T.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-20-00420
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020420
                PMC ID: 6358865
                PubMed ID: 30669423
                SO-VID: cfd1a38e-bbe5-4f0b-b541-5b1473e131d7
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2018
                Date accepted : 25 December 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: calcium,pollen germination,pollen tube growth,stigma,style
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: calcium, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, stigma, style

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