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      • Record: found
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      Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum

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          Abstract

          Background

          Punica granatum (pomegranate), an edible fruit originating in the Middle East, has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions such as peptic ulcer. The numerous risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treatment of pain and inflammation give rise to using medicinal herbs as alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated compounds from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of P. granatum by determination of their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxxgenase-2 (COX-2) release from RAW264.7 cells.

          Methods

          The compounds ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were isolated from EtOAc by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and further identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The inhibitory effect of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were evaluated on the production of LPS-induced NO by Griess reagent, PGE-2 and IL-6 by immunoassay kit and prostaglandin E2 competitive ELISA kit, and COX-2 by Western blotting.

          Results

          Ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B potentially inhibited LPS-induced NO, PGE-2 and IL-6 production.

          Conclusion

          The results indicate that ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin may be the compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory potential of P. granatum.

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          Most cited references32

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          Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing.

          María I. Gil, Francisco Tomás-Barberán, Betty Hess-Pierce … (2000)
          The antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices was evaluated by four different methods (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP) and compared to those of red wine and a green tea infusion. Commercial pomegranate juices showed an antioxidant activity (18-20 TEAC) three times higher than those of red wine and green tea (6-8 TEAC). The activity was higher in commercial juices extracted from whole pomegranates than in experimental juices obtained from the arils only (12-14 TEAC). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses of the juices revealed that commercial juices contained the pomegranate tannin punicalagin (1500-1900 mg/L) while only traces of this compound were detected in the experimental juice obtained from arils in the laboratory. This shows that pomegranate industrial processing extracts some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the fruit rind. This could account for the higher antioxidant activity of commercial juices compared to the experimental ones. In addition, anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins were detected and quantified in the pomegranate juices.
          Article 0 comments Cited 419 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases.

            J. Sharma, A. Al-Omran, S. Parvathy (2007)
            Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. It gives an anti-inflammatory effect under normal physiological conditions. On the other hand, NO is considered as a pro-inflammatory mediator that induces inflammation due to over production in abnormal situations. NO is synthesized and released into the endothelial cells by the help of NOSs that convert arginine into citrulline producing NO in the process. Oxygen and NADPH are necessary co-factors in such conversion. NO is believed to induce vasodilatation in cardiovascular system and furthermore, it involves in immune responses by cytokine-activated macrophages, which release NO in high concentrations. In addition, NO is a potent neurotransmitter at the neuron synapses and contributes to the regulation of apoptosis. NO is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders of the joint, gut and lungs. Therefore, NO inhibitors represent important therapeutic advance in the management of inflammatory diseases. Selective NO biosynthesis inhibitors and synthetic arginine analogues are proved to be used for the treatment of NO-induced inflammation. Finally, the undesired effects of NO are due to its impaired production, including in short: vasoconstriction, inflammation and tissue damage.
            Article 0 comments Cited 331 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer.

              Ephraim Lansky, Robert A. Newman (2007)
              The last 7 years have seen over seven times as many publications indexed by Medline dealing with pomegranate and Punica granatum than in all the years preceding them. Because of this, and the virtual explosion of interest in pomegranate as a medicinal and nutritional product that has followed, this review is accordingly launched. The pomegranate tree, Punica granatum, especially its fruit, possesses a vast ethnomedical history and represents a phytochemical reservoir of heuristic medicinal value. The tree/fruit can be divided into several anatomical compartments: (1) seed, (2) juice, (3) peel, (4) leaf, (5) flower, (6) bark, and (7) roots, each of which has interesting pharmacologic activity. Juice and peels, for example, possess potent antioxidant properties, while juice, peel and oil are all weakly estrogenic and heuristically of interest for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and sequellae. The use of juice, peel and oil have also been shown to possess anticancer activities, including interference with tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion and angiogenesis. These may be associated with plant based anti-inflammatory effects, The phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of all Punica granatum components suggest a wide range of clinical applications for the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as other diseases where chronic inflammation is believed to play an essential etiologic role.
              Article 0 comments Cited 251 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lamees A. BenSaad: lameesbensaad@gmail.com
                Kah Hwi Kim:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-7139
                kimkh@um.edu.my
                Chin Chew Quah: Tonyq@um.edu.my
                Wee Ric Kim: kimwr@imr.gov.my
                Mustafa Shahimi: Shahimi48@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Complement Altern Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Complement Altern Med
                Title: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6882
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 January 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 17
                Electronic Location Identifier: 47
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
                [2 ]University College Lincoln, Petaling Jaya, 47301 Malaysia
                [3 ]Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-7139
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1555
                DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1555-0
                PMC ID: 5237561
                PubMed ID: 28088220
                SO-VID: cfdd9c8a-6d33-479e-87d1-05d5d73b0996
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 4 August 2015
                Date accepted : 5 January 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Malaya Research Center
                Award ID: in process of application when official acceptance letter obtained
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: inflammation,punica granatum,cytotoxicity,cytokines,ellagic acid,gallic acid,punicalagin
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: inflammation, punica granatum, cytotoxicity, cytokines, ellagic acid, gallic acid, punicalagin

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