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      Relación del comportamiento reproductivo en la mujer según edad y diagnóstico prenatal citogenético en Placetas Translated title: Relation of the reproductive behaviour in women according to age and cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in Placetas

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          Abstract

          Introducción: la prevalencia del síndrome de Down puede ser reflejo del comportamiento reproductivo por edad materna al parto o del diagnóstico prenatal citogenético. Objetivo: caracterizar la relación del comportamiento reproductivo de la mujer según edad y el diagnóstico prenatal citogenético en el municipio de Placetas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se evaluó la edad materna en 1 440 partos en el municipio Placetas entre enero de 2011 y junio de 2013 y los síndromes de Down ocurridos, independiente del destino del producto; se evaluaron, además, parámetros de eficacia de acciones de Genética Comunitaria en el diagnóstico prenatal citogenético por grupos de edad materna (cobertura global y real, proporción de positividad del estudio y prevención). Simultáneamente, se describieron los resultados de los estudios citogenéticos prenatales y posnatales realizados, y se estableció la prevalencia ajustada de aberraciones cromosómicas y síndromes de Down, así como su relación con la natalidad por edad materna. Resultados: en este período, en Placetas, la natalidad por encima de 35 años fue de 10,8 %, la prevalencia ajustada de síndrome de Down en todas las edades, de 4,17 por mil nacidos vivos. La proporción de positividad del estudio fue de 5,95 % en edades avanzadas, y se logró la prevención del 100 % en la avanzada edad materna. Conclusiones: existió una cobertura satisfactoria con el diagnóstico prenatal citogenético a las mujeres que tuvieron una avanzada edad materna y se logró prevenir el 100 % de síndrome Down en este grupo de mujeres

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: prevalence of Down syndrome can be a result of the reproductive behaviour due to the maternal age at delivery or due to the cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis. Objective: to characterize the relation of the reproductive behaviour in women according to age and cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in Placetas municipality. Methods: a descriptive study of transversal type was carried out in order to evaluate maternal age in 1440 births and the Down syndromes occurred, regardless of the destiny of the product, in Placetas municipality from January, 2011 to June, 2013; there were also evaluated the parameters of effectiveness of actions of the Community Genetics in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis for maternal age groups (real and global range, proportion of positivity of the study and prevention). At the same time, results of cytogenetic prenatal and postnatal studies were described, and the age- adjusted prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and Down syndromes was established, as well as, their relationship with maternal age. Results: natality over 35 years was of 10.8 % in this period in Placetas, and the age- adjusted prevalence of Down syndrome was of 4,17 % for each thousand born alive in all ages. Proportion of positivity of the study was of 5,95 % at advanced ages, and the prevention of the 100 % of women at advanced maternal age was achieved. Conclusions: there was a satisfactory range with the prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in women who had an advanced maternal age and the prevention of the 100 % of Down syndrome was also achieved in this group of women

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          Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Trisomy 21 by Allelic Ratio Analysis Using Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing of Maternal Plasma DNA

          Background Plasma DNA obtained from a pregnant woman contains a mixture of maternal and fetal DNA. The fetal DNA proportion in maternal plasma is relatively consistent as determined using polymorphic genetic markers across different chromosomes in euploid pregnancies. For aneuploid pregnancies, the observed fetal DNA proportion measured using polymorphic genetic markers for the aneuploid chromosome would be perturbed. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms using targeted massively parallel sequencing to detect such perturbations in mothers carrying trisomy 21 fetuses. Methodology/Principal Findings DNA was extracted from plasma samples collected from fourteen pregnant women carrying singleton fetuses. Hybridization-based targeted sequencing was used to enrich 2 906 single nucleotide polymorphism loci on chr7, chr13, chr18 and chr21. Plasma DNA libraries with and without target enrichment were analyzed by massively parallel sequencing. Genomic DNA samples of both the mother and fetus for each case were genotyped by single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis. For the targeted regions, the mean sequencing depth of the enriched samples was 225-fold higher than that of the non-enriched samples. From the targeted sequencing data, the ratio between fetus-specific and shared alleles increased by approximately 2-fold on chr21 in the paternally-derived trisomy 21 case. In comparison, the ratio is decreased by approximately 11% on chr21 in the maternally-derived trisomy 21 cases but with much overlap with the ratio of the euploid cases. Computer simulation revealed the relationship between the fetal DNA proportion, the number of informative alleles and the depth of sequencing. Conclusions/Significance Targeted massively parallel sequencing of single nucleotide polymorphism loci in maternal plasma DNA is a potential approach for trisomy 21 detection. However, the method appears to be less robust than approaches using non-polymorphism-based counting of sequence tags in plasma.
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            La genética comunitaria en los programas de diagnóstico prenatal

            Introducción: la creación de centros para el desarrollo de la Genética comunitaria, en todos los municipios del país, ha hecho posible el incremento de la cobertura de atención de los servicios de genética médica en la atención primaria. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados obtenidos en el funcionamiento prenatal del Programa Cubano de Diagnóstico, Manejo y Prevención de Enfermedades Genéticas y Defectos Congénitos. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte longitudinal que incluyó el total de gestantes captadas desde el 1ro. de enero de 2007 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, en el municipio La Palma. Resultados: de 2016 gestantes, el 51.7% fueron clasificadas como riesgo genético incrementado. En este grupo, la adolescencia (29.4%) y la edad materna avanzada (15.8%) fueron los principales factores de riesgo genético encontrados. Se realizaron 1720 exámenes de ecografía, entre las 11 y 13.6 semanas, examen que logra una cobertura del 94.8%. Se detectaron 47 portadoras de hemoglobina AS o AC. Se determinó el valor de la alfafetoproteína en suero materno, el 7.1 % mostró cifras elevadas y la amenaza de aborto constituyó la primera causa de esta alteración. Se diagnosticaron prenatalmente, por ecografía del segundo trimestre, 20 gestantes que presentaron fetos con defectos congénitos, lográndose una cobertura de 99,5%. Conclusiones: el enfoque comunitario de la genética y el trabajo coordinado con la atención primaria de salud permiten confeccionar estrategias dirigidas al control y disminución de los riesgos de defectos congénitos y enfermedades comunes en la población.
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              Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies: new technologies and clinical applications

              Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has substantial medical importance as it targets the development of safer and more effective methods to avoid the risk of fetal loss associated with currently used invasive methods. Several approaches have been demonstrated as being proof-of concept for NIPD of chromosomal aneuploidies. These approaches include cell-based and cell-free detection methods, involving the investigation of fetal cells in the maternal circulation, formaldehyde treatment of maternal plasma, DNA methylation studies using sodium bisulfite or restriction enzymes, protein-based studies, identification of fetal-specific mRNAs and digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches, and recently next-generation sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation real-time quantitative PCR-based approaches. Although all these NIPD methods have both advantages and limitations, some are moving closer to clinical implementation. Biotechnology companies dedicated to the development of NIPD tests such as the sequencing- or methylation-based approaches are finalizing large clinical trials. It is expected that these new technologies will facilitate safer, more sensitive and accurate prenatal diagnostic tests in the near future. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in methods for NIPD of aneuploidies, and we discuss their future implications in clinical practice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mdc
                Medicentro Electrónica
                Medicentro Electrónica
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara (Santa Clara )
                1029-3043
                December 2015
                : 19
                : 4
                : 209-217
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Provincial de Genética Cuba
                [2 ] Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Serafín Ruiz de Zárate Ruiz Cuba
                Article
                S1029-30432015000400001
                cff46569-e2e7-42ac-961c-11bb2dcf944c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1029-3043&lng=en
                Categories
                HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

                Health & Social care
                prenatal diagnosis,cytogenetic analysis,maternal age,down syndrome,diagnóstico prenatal,análisis citogenético,edad materna,síndrome de down

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