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      Patulin in food: state-of-the-art and analytical trends Translated title: Patulina em alimentos: estado da arte e tendências analíticas

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          Abstract

          Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal species of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, found on several fruit species and, remarkably, in apples and apple products. Patulin has a broad spectrum of toxicity, including carcinogenicity and teratogenicity in animals. Due to the stability of the molecule, considerable amounts of patulin still remain in apple products after processing. This paper reviews different analytical methods for patulin determination and methods to reduce levels of patulin in apple products as well.

          Translated abstract

          A patulina é uma micotoxina produzida por diversas espécies de fungos dos gêneros Penicillium e Aspergillus, encontrada em diversas espécies frutíferas e, notadamente, em maçãs e produtos derivados da maçã. A patulina tem um amplo espectro de toxicidade, incluindo carcinogenicidade e teratogenicidade em animais. Devido a sua estabilidade, níveis consideráveis de patulina permanecem nos produtos derivados da maçã, mesmo após as etapas do processamento. Este artigo revisa os diferentes métodos analíticos usados para a determinação de patulina e métodos empregados para reduzir os níveis de patulina nos produtos alimentícios.

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          Banco de dados agregados

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            The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione.

            Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly found in apple and apple products. In addition to being toxic for animals, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic, patulin induces intestinal injuries, including epithelial cell degeneration, inflammation, ulceration, and hemorrhages. In a study of the cellular mechanisms associated with the intestinal toxicity of patulin, two human epithelial intestinal cell lines (HT-29-D4 and Caco-2-14) were exposed to the mycotoxin. Micromolar concentrations of patulin were found to induce a rapid and dramatic decrease of transepithelial resistance (TER) in both cell lines without major signs of toxicity as assessed by the LDH release assay. Since TER reflects the organization of tight junctions, these data indicate that patulin affected the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium. The inhibitory effect of patulin on TER was closely associated with its reactivity for SH groups: (i) cysteine and glutathione prevented the cells from patulin injury; (ii) patulin toxicity was potentiated by buthionine sulfoximine, a specific glutathione-depleting agent; (iii) treatment of the cells with N-ethylmaleimide, a compound known to react with SH groups, resulted in a marked decrease of TER. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of patulin on TER was mimicked and potentiated by phenylarsine oxide, a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). This cellular enzyme is a key regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier function. The active site of PTP contains a cysteine residue (Cys215) that is essential for phosphatase activity. Sulfhydryl-reacting compounds such as acetaldehyde decrease TER through covalent modification of Cys215 of PTP. We propose that the toxicity of patulin for intestinal cells involves, among other potential mechanisms, an inactivation of the active site of PTP. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
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              Induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells: role of ascorbic acid as a modulator of patulin clastogenicity.

              Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Penicillium, Aspergillus and BYSSOCHLAMYS: Patulin is a common contaminant of ripe apples used for the production of apple juice concentrates and is also present in other fruits, vegetables and food products. Patulin has been reported to have mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic properties. Nevertheless, these properties are still a matter of debate. In this report, we further investigated the genotoxicity of patulin in mammalian cells by two different approaches. Firstly, we evaluated the induction of micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked human lymphocytes. This approach is important because available data concerning the genetic toxicity of patulin in human cells is sparse. Secondly, we chose an established model for patulin genotoxicity, i.e. the chromosomal aberration assay in V79 Chinese hamster cells, to clarify whether concomitant exposure to ascorbic acid with the mycotoxin modulates or not the clastogenicity of patulin. The results unequivocally show induction of DNA-damaged cells by patulin as assessed by both cytogenetic assays. In addition, an almost complete abolition of patulin (0.8 microM) clastogenicity was observed in the presence of 80 microM ascorbic acid (P < 0.05), showing that although a genetic risk is present, ascorbic acid could somehow partially modulate this problem.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbf
                Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
                Rev. Bras. Frutic.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura (Jaboticabal )
                1806-9967
                August 2007
                : 29
                : 2
                : 406-413
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [3 ] ISCA Technologies USA
                [4 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0100-29452007000200043
                10.1590/S0100-29452007000200043
                d01ae220-5b47-45a9-8cf3-06799c2279a0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-2945&lng=en
                Categories
                HORTICULTURE

                Horticulture
                Micotoxins,analytical methods,apple,Micotoxina,métodos analíticos,maçã
                Horticulture
                Micotoxins, analytical methods, apple, Micotoxina, métodos analíticos, maçã

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