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      Tubulin-VDAC Interaction: Molecular Basis for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

      research-article
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      Frontiers in Physiology
      Frontiers Media S.A.
      tubulin, VDAC, mitochondria, neurotoxicity, chemotherapy

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          Abstract

          Tubulin is a well-established target of microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs), a widely used class of chemotherapeutic drugs. Yet, aside from their powerful anti-cancer efficiency, MTAs induce a dose-limiting and debilitating peripheral neurotoxicity. Despite intensive efforts in the development of neuroprotective agents, there are currently no approved therapies to effectively manage chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Over the last decade, attempts to unravel the pathomechanisms underlying the development of CIPN led to the observation that mitochondrial dysfunctions stand as a common feature associated with axonal degeneration. Concomitantly, mitochondria emerged as crucial players in the anti-cancer efficiency of MTAs. The findings that free dimeric tubulin could be associated with mitochondrial membranes and interact directly with the voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) located in the mitochondrial outer membrane strongly suggested the existence of an interplay between both subcellular compartments. The biological relevance of the interaction between tubulin and VDAC came from subsequent in vitro studies, which found dimeric tubulin to be a potent modulator of VDAC and ultimately of mitochondrial membrane permeability to respiratory substrates. Therefore, one of the hypothetic mechanisms of CIPN implies that MTAs, by binding directly to the tubulin associated with VDAC, interferes with mitochondrial function in the peripheral nervous system. We review here the foundations of this hypothesis and discuss them in light of the current knowledge. A focus is set on the molecular mechanisms behind MTA interference with dimeric tubulin and VDAC interaction, the potential relevance of tubulin isotypes and availability as a free dimer in the specific context of MTA-induced CIPN. We further highlight the emerging interest for VDAC and its interacting partners as a promising therapeutic target in neurodegeneration.

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          Most cited references79

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          What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore?

          Under conditions of mitochondrial calcium overload, especially when accompanied by oxidative stress, elevated phosphate concentrations and adenine nucleotide depletion, a non-specific pore, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), opens in the inner mitochondrial membrane. MPTP opening enables free passage into the mitochondria of molecules of <1.5 kDa including protons. The resulting uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP depletion and necrotic cell death and it is now widely recognised that MPTP opening is a major cause of reperfusion injury and an effective target for cardioprotection. The properties of the MPTP are well defined, but despite extensive research in many laboratories, its exact molecular identity remains uncertain. Knockout studies have confirmed a role for cyclophilin-D (CyP-D), probably mediated by its peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity facilitating a conformational change of an inner membrane protein. However, the identity of the membrane component(s) remains controversial. Knockout studies have eliminated an essential role for either the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) or the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), although a regulatory role for the ANT was confirmed. Our own studies implicate the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (PiC) in MPTP formation and are consistent with a calcium-triggered conformational change of the PiC, facilitated by CyP-D, inducing pore opening. We propose that this is enhanced by an association of the PiC with the "c" conformation of the ANT. Agents that modulate pore opening may act on either or both the PiC and the ANT. However, knockdown and reconstitution studies are awaited to confirm or refute this model.
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            Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Current Review.

            Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting side effect experienced by patients receiving treatment for cancer. Approximately 30-40% of patients treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy will develop CIPN and there is considerable variability in its severity between patients. It is often sensory-predominant with pain and can lead to long-term morbidity in survivors. The prevalence and burden of CIPN late effects will likely increase as cancer survival rates continue to improve. In this review, we discuss the approach to peripheral neuropathy in patients with cancer and address the clinical phenotypes and pathomechanisms of specific neurotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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              The proliferation rate paradox in antimitotic chemotherapy

              Cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy drugs are believed to gain selectivity by targeting cells that proliferate rapidly. However, the proliferation rate is low in many chemosensitive human cancers, and it is not clear how a drug that only kills dividing cells could promote tumor regression. Four potential solutions to this “proliferation rate paradox” are discussed for the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel: drug retention in tumors, killing of quiescent cells, targeting of noncancer cells in the tumor, and bystander effects. Testing these potential mechanisms of drug action will facilitate rational improvement of antimitotic chemotherapy and perhaps cytotoxic chemotherapy more generally.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                31 May 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 671
                Affiliations
                Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Miguel A. Aon, National Institute on Aging (NIA), United States

                Reviewed by: Amadou K. S. Camara, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Eric Fontaine, Joseph Fourier University, France

                *Correspondence: Amandine Rovini, rovini@ 123456musc.edu

                This article was submitted to Mitochondrial Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2019.00671
                6554597
                31214047
                d0241dde-01a2-4948-ac6d-df49896c4682
                Copyright © 2019 Rovini.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 11 February 2019
                : 13 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 101, Pages: 8, Words: 6915
                Categories
                Physiology
                Hypothesis and Theory

                Anatomy & Physiology
                tubulin,vdac,mitochondria,neurotoxicity,chemotherapy
                Anatomy & Physiology
                tubulin, vdac, mitochondria, neurotoxicity, chemotherapy

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